تبيين نظريۀ ادبي انوري ابيوردي

Modifying the explanation of Anvari Abivardi’s literary theory

انوري استاد قصيده‌سرايي و به‌ گفتۀ آذربيگدلي يكي از سه پيامبر شعر فارسي است. پژوهش حاضر براساس تحليل اصطلاحات شعر و شاعري در ديوان وي با توجه به كتاب‌هاي بلاغي موجود و مطابق الگويي است كه شاعر در ديوان خويش ترسيم كرده است. بنابراين، هدف از شعر و شاعري، تلقّي از شعر، لفظ و معني، زبان، پسند، موارد اقتدار در سخنوري، موسيقي، لوازم شاعري از نگاه انوري بررسي و نظريات او در باب شعر و شاعري تبيين شده است. انوري شعر را حاصل درهم‌تنيدگي انديشه همراه با خاطر و طبع مي‌داند. معني را بر لفظ مقدم مي‌داند و بديهه را يكي از موارد اقتدار شاعري به حساب مي‌آورد. از منظر او هرگاه شاعر، شعر را وسيلۀ ارتزاق خويش كند، آن هنگام شريعت شعر گدايي است و اگر شعر براي اهداف والا سروده شود، با عناوين و القاب عالي همراه خواهد شد و همزاد حكمت و موردپسند است. نكات فوق و پاره‌اي ديگر از مسائل از مهم‌ترين موارد مورد بحث در اين پژوهش هستند.

Abstract   In the first place, the literary theory is about finding an answer to the question on what makes a verbal message into a work of art . This is related to the particular distinction of Lingual arts from other arts, and other types of Lingual behaviors . That is why literary theory is in the first position among literary studies. (Ahmadi, 1996: 1st volume/77) One of the fundamental aspects of literary studies is interpreting ancient texts from the perspective of the poet or writer’s own literary theory . On this basis, this article aims to discuss the literary theory and poetry structure of Anvari . Indisputably, Anvari’s structure is special and it is certainly based on the perspective, insight and cultural and social conditions in which it grew and formed. Each poet is the composer of their poetry and oratory and Anvary, himself, is the most informed person about his elocution method. He mentioned the elocution method in several places in his Divan:   However, you looking into poetry styles   All taken into account the best style is mine (Anvari, 1958: 1st volume/85)   Accordingly, his Divan has been subjected to scrutiny, and judgment criteria have been derived from the verses of the poet .   Anvari believed that poetry is the result of integrating content with discourse whose output is captured hearts . He called poets the granters of speech and in composing poetry, he believed content is prior to discourse. He has an opinion that the container of discourse does accommodate content that on this basis he approached the ideas of " modern hermeneutics ”. He praised original meaning which was not adopted by other poems and he described proper poetry using graceful and delicate characteristic. In fact, in his viewpoint, a poem which has original meaning and graceful and delicate verse is a literary discourse which influences the reader .  From his viewpoint:  1 Improvisation and spontaneity   2 Composing in any literary style   3 Composing in all prosody meters   4 Proper use of rhyme   They are the most important criteria according to which the poetry capability of a poet is measured , In his view, the poet can benefit from techniques which make poetry more musical in order to be more effective, Including the use of a narrator that reflects that music promotes the rhetorical aspect of a work of art. Anvari believed that composing Ghazals is rooted in lust , eulogy is rooted in greed and epigram comes from wrath. His goal of writing poetry was to make a living out of it , and in this way he attributes the worst labels to poetry, Of course, it depends on the level of reward which the appraised person bestows that sometimes it was timely and exactly the amount which the poet wanted, but sometimes he was given little reward or even no reward. As a result of the degree of magnitude of the poetry from his perspective swings according to whether the poet received a reward. Finally Anvari believed that as long as a poem is written for noble objectives including praisi ng religious figures, it is the the result of divine inspiration and approval and it is a twin of wisdom and it is the best benignity of God towards people. He is fascinated by this kind of poetry . The ultimate aim of art is to affect hearts, its reader revel in it and it sticks to memories and it would not be removed from minds and language after artists death. Anvari art is no exception to this, too. Anvari poems were renowned among friends, poets and intellectuals in his life time and long after his death. Some of his couplets are still etched in memories which show his poetry power and skills. Anvari interpreted taste, mind, science , and art as poetry tools as a result he considered poetry as a simultaneous try and ebullition, he studied the divans of poets and writers contemporary with him , and before that. He is aware of all the principles of prosody and rhyme he had an honor not to commit plagiarizing former or contemporary poetry. And quoting great poets is permitted only in order to revive the tradition of great figures . Furthermore, he tries to take full advantage of all the existing cultural capacities .