تحليل جامعه‌شناختي نهضت جنگل با تأكيد بر ايدئولوژي آن

Exploration of Jungle Movement from its Ideology Point of View

تاريخ معاصر ايران مشحون از نهضت‏ها و جنبش‏هاي اجتماعي خرد و كلان بوده است. اين نهضت‏ها به‏ندرت از ديدگاه نظريه‏هاي جنبش اجتماعي مورد تحليل قرار گرفته است. نهضت جنگل كه 9 سال پس از امضاي فرمان مشروطه در سال 1294 ش آغاز گرديد، از اولين حركت‏هاي ملت ايران در پاسخ به عدم تحقق آرمان‏هاي انقلاب مشروطه بود. در اين تحقيق با مروري بر نظريه‏هاي جنبش اجتماعي، نظريه زاهد برگزيده شد كه تناسب بيشتري با فضاي تاريخ معاصر ايران دارد. اين نظريه مهم‏ترين ركن در شناسايي جنبش را جهت جنبش مي‏داند كه در ايدئولوژي آن متبلور است. اين پژوهش در چارچوب روش‏شناسي رئاليستي با استفاده از استراتژي تحقيق پس‏كاوي و روش تاريخي انجام شده است. تحليل شواهد تاريخي برمبناي اين نظريه نشان داد كه نهضت جنگل با ايدئولوژي بسيار نزديك با ايدئولوژي انقلاب مشروطه شروع شد اما در ميانۀ راه دچار پارادوكس در ايدئولوژي شد. در ادامه هر چند موفقيت‏هاي اوليه و زودگذري كسب كرد ولي خيلي زود به دليل همان پارادوكس از هم فرو پاشيد.

Introduction Contemporary Iranian History is overwhelmingly full of national and regional social movements. All national social movements are followed with some regional ones due to dissatisfactions of a group or some with the results of the national outburst.  There are five main Iranian social movements occurred in a period of less than one hundred years.  Each of them followed with several others.  Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic and analytical study of all Iranian social movements in this period and almost none on the other social movements in Iranian long history. One of controversial Iranian social movements in the list is the Constitutional Revolution occurred more than one hundred years ago at 1294 AHL (1906). Several regional social movements happened after this revolution one of them famous as Jungle movement located at the northern part of Iran.  Material amp; MethodsIn order to present an analytical understanding of Jungle Movement a historical document analysis is investigated. In this study an indepth social historical analysis of Jungle movement is presented using retroductive strategy in the context of realist methodology. In realist methodology researcher is following the under investigation case’s regularities in its social context with an eye on the operated mechanism of change.  Jungle Movement took place nine years after Constitutional Revolution due to the failure of the revolution from the Islamic participants point on view. Constitutional Revolution started by the leadership of Ulama (clergy men) with Islamic ideology in order to establish edalat khane (Justice House) but ended with a western type of parliamentary constitution. Reviewing social movement theories we selected a comprehensive one developed from intensive investigation of contemporary IranianIslamic social movements.  Social movements theories are all mostly out comes of European movement studies.  Iranian situation demands a relevant one extracted from its own rich history. The selected theory is developed by a study on all five national contemporary Iranian Islamic social movements. According to this theory there are three main factors involved in all Iranian social movements: social context, actors and their behaviors, and ideology.  Ideology is one of the most important dimensions of social movements which shows direction of the movement as well as legitimate means to be used following the aims of the movement.  Focusing on this factor it is concluded that paradoxical situation of the ideology of Jungle outburst is the main factor of the movement’s failure.  Discussion of Results amp; ConclusionsOur study shows that this movement started with an ideology almost like that of Constitutional Revolution with Islamic aims. It may be assumed, in order to compensate the failure of that revolution in reaching to its goals.  Historical documents show that in the middle of the way a paradoxical situation emerged.  The leader of the movement was Mirza Koochek Khane Jangali a student of religious seminaries. The movement was almost successful at its early stages but failed because of changing its ideology with a socialist one. This change took place under the influence of some movement’s actors (distributors) influenced by the socialist revolution conducted in Russia no long ago. The ideological change causes the opposition of Iranian Moslem mass, and acted as a good pretext for the central Iranian state. The social context of the movement was after First World War and the early stages of emergence of socialist ideology as an opponent of the capitalist one in the world stage.  Jungle movement failed under the presser of the central Iranian state which was an ally of the capitalist powers