تبيين نگرش سياسي دانشجويان با استفاده از الگوي تجديدنظرطلبانۀ شكاف ‏هاي جنسيتي

Political Attitudes: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Gender Gaps

جامعه‏شناسي سياسي سنتي به طرزي جزمي، زنان را به لحاظ نگرش سياسي محافظه‏كارتر از مردان مي‏‏پندارد، اما الگوي تجديدنظرطلبانه شكاف‏هاي جنسيتي اينگلهارت نشان مي‏دهد كه از دهۀ 1990 به اين‌سو زنان از برنامه‏ها و اهداف احزاب چپ جديد كه عمدتاً مبتني بر ارزش‏هاي فرهنگي فرامادي‏گرايي است، بيشتر حمايت مي‏كنند. در اين راستا، مطالعۀ حاضر، پژوهشي است در زمينۀ مقايسۀ نگرش‏هاي سياسي زنان و مردان كه روي 596 نفر از دانشجويان دانشگاه‏هاي سراسري شهر اصفهان در سال 1395 انجام گرفته است. در اين راستا، نتايج پژوهش نشان مي‏دهد اول اينكه بين زنان و مردان در ميزان گرايش به دموكراسي تفاوتي وجود ندارد و هر دو گروه به يك ميزان از نگرش‏هاي دموكراتيك حمايت مي‏كنند و بدين ترتيب صحت مفروضات الگوهاي كلاسيك در مورد گرايش زنان به سوي محافظه‏كاري در حوزه‏هاي سياسي رد مي‏شود. ثانياً، يافته‏هاي پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه ميزان گرايش به ارزش‏هاي فرامادي‏گرايانه، كه بر‌اساس نظريه‌هاي اينگلهارت بنيان احزاب چپ جديد را تشكيل مي‏دهند، بين زنان به شكل معناداري بيشتر از مردان است و اين امر نشان مي‏دهد كه نه‌تنها زنان از نگرش‏هاي راست‏گرايانه در حوزه‏هاي سياسي فاصله گرفته‏اند، بلكه بر‌اساس الگوهاي تجديدنظرطلبانه حتي تمايل بيشتري به برنامه‏هاي چپ جديد پيدا كرده‏اند.

Classic political sociology dogmatically considers women politically more conservative than men and accordingly, women’s models of political behaviors are expressed based on their inherent tendencies towards rightwing conservative parties. But new research indicates that in developed countries during 1980’s, women gradually distanced from traditional conservatism and joint democratic groups. In addition, Inglehart’s studies indicate that since 1990’s, not only conservatism and rightwing tendencies have been faded in women, but also they support plans and objectives of new leftwing parties which are mostly based on cultural values of postmaterialism more than ever. As a results, it seems that the effect of gender gaps has been reconfigured mostly in three models of traditional gap, convergence, and revisionism. Accordingly, the present study is to investigate the comparison between men’s and women’s political attitudes among 596 students of University of Isfahan in 2016. Accordingly, analyzing the results of the research indicated that firstly, there is no significant difference among men and women in terms of the degree of their tendencies towards democracy and each group supports democratic attitudes to the same extent. Therefore, the claim of hypotheses of classic models about women’s tendencies towards conservatism is rejected in political domains. Secondly, findings also indicated that the degree of tendency towards postmaterialist values which construct foundations of New Leftist parties according to Inglehart, is significantly higher among women than men. This issue indicates that women not only have distanced rightist attitudes in political domains, but also they have more tendency towards leftist plans based on revisionist models.