قيدهاي آغازين‌، عنصري از الگوي وصفي - روايي در شعرِ نيما

The initial adverbs as elements of descriptivenarrative arrangement in Nima’s poems

قيد به سبب جايگاه لغزانش در جمله‌، كاركردهاي گوناگوني دارد‌. در شعر سنتي‌، جايگاه قيد در بيت‌، مقيّد به چارچوب تساوي مصراع‌ها و نظام قافيه است؛ اما جايگاه قيد در شعر نو محدوديّت شعر سنّتي را ندارد‌. نيما شمار زيادي از اشعار نوي خود را با قيد آغاز مي‌كند و بيشترين كاربرد قيدهاي آغازين اشعار نيما را سه قيد‌ مكان، زمان و حالت‌ تشكيل مي‌دهد‌. اينكه چرا نيما شعرهاي خود را با قيد آغاز مي‌كند، پرسش اين پژوهش را سامان مي‌دهد‌. اگرچه در پاسخ به آن مي‌توان انگيزه‌هاي متعددي را ذكر كرد‌، مثل فضاسازي‌، تمايل به نمايشي و ديداري نمودن شعر‌، حتي ضرورت وزن و قافيه‌، هدف اصلي نيما از كاربرد آگاهانه قيدهاي آغازين تكميل و تقويّت ساختار وصفي روايي شعرش است؛ چنانكه در هنر تئاتر و سينما‌، حفظ وحدتِ زمان و مكان و توجه به حالت صحنه و بازيگران از اصول مهم دراماتيك محسوب مي‌شود‌. از اين رو‌، قيدهاي آغازين‌، عنصري از الگوي وصفي روايي شعر نيما را تشكيل مي‌دهند‌. قيد مكان 149 بار‌، قيد زمان 82 و قيد حالت 30 بار در آغاز اشعار نيما به كار رفته‌اند كه قيد مكان با 80/57 درصد‌، بيشترين بسامد را دارد و نشان مي‌دهد: 1‌) ساختارهاي قيد مكان نسبت به ساير ساختارها از نظر معنايي و موسيقايي قابليّت زيبايي‌آفريني بيشتري دارند؛ 2‌) قيد مكان در شكل‌گيري الگوي وصفي روايي شعر نيما نقش كارسازتري دارد و نگرش رئاليسم اجتماعي او را بهتر تصوير مي‌كند‌. قيد زمان در آغاز اشعار نيما بر سه معناي عمده دلالت مي‌كند: 1‌) سمبليك 2‌) خاطراتي 3‌) تقويمي؛ و قيد حالت را مي‌توان در دو مفهوم كلّي جاي داد‌: 1‌) دلهره و اضطراب 2‌) خلوت‌گزيني و انزوا‌.

Abstract Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb, or other adverb, or of a sentence. Adverbs are classified into different groups structurally and conceptually. They have several different literal and lingual functions. These functions display the literary and aesthetic value of adverbs. Adverbs are almost found in any sentence as they imply various concepts and have numerous structures. Adverbs imply tense, place, quality, quantity, question and status conceptually.   Adverbs are structurally classified into two groups: simple and combined. They usually have a variable place and function in sentence. They come at the beginning, middle or the end of sentences. They, therefore, have different functions in sentences. Knowing this special feature very well, poets take great advantages of adverbs in their works. The place of adverbs in verse strictly depends on the arrangement of lines and rhymes in a classic style. However, the place of adverbs in contemporary poetry is free from such constraints.   Iranian illustrious Poet, Nima Yushij begins quite a bit of his contemporary poems with adverbs which are called initial adverbs for the purposes of this study. The findings of the study show that he mostly uses adverbs of place, time and status. This research studies the reasons why Nima begins his poems with adverbs. Obviously, there are several explanations for this. One reason may be spacing which gives poems a sense of storytelling. Many descriptions in narrative poems are used to space the poems. As adverbs have different meanings and structures, they play an important role in descriptions. It can be said that there are almost always adverbs where there are descriptions. Other possible reason may be the necessity of rhyme and rhythm. Nima composes a significant number of his contemporary poems syllabically and by breaking rhyming adverbs in polysyllabic lines or other classical forms. Accordingly, he greatly relies on lines and rhymes in his style and he inevitably uses initial adverbs in his poems. Of course, Nima deliberately begins his poems with adverbs to complete and strengthen the descriptivenarrative structure of his poems. People normally dramatize the setting to unify time, place and performers in theater and cinema. In fact, Nima normally gives priority to seeing than hearing. Actually, he prefers displaying events to telling the story. He attempts to narrate his story as they are performed in the theater, i.e. visually and dramatically.   Initial adverbs are inseparable parts of the descriptivenarrative arrangement in Nima’s poems. He effectively uses 149 adverbs of place, 82 adverbs of time, and 30 adverbs of status at the beginning of his poems. The significant frequency of adverbs of place, 57.80%, indicates that the structures of these adverbs are more melodic and meaningful than other forms of adverbs artistically. Moreover, adverbs of place play a dominant role in forming the descriptivenarrative arrangement in his poems. They also illustrate his social realistic attitude better. Adverbs mainly express three meanings in his poem: symbolic, memorial, and calendrical.   Firstly, the symbolic and mysterious nature of the adverbs makes his poem really unique. He is regarded as the founder of the contemporary social symbolic poetry owing to his symbolic poem along with his socialist attitudes. Adverbs are the main elements of his symbolic poems, particularly adverbs of time. They carry social, political, and even emotional symbolic meanings. He uses adverbs to support the descriptivenarrative structure of his poems.   Secondly, the memorial meaning of the adverbs implies the time of memories and also induces a feeling of nostalgia. These kinds of adverbs have dependent adverbial structures which describe or narrate events visually and or emotionally.   Lastly, Nima uses the calendrical meaning of the adverbs due to their dynamic functionality and conceptuality. The calendrical times, such as day, night and dawn, form the basis of his materialistic experiments and modify abstract concepts.   Adverbs of status do not generally present an optimal status of the characters in his poem and they typically do not describe a happy, dynamic and satisfied description of the social events. Thus, adverbs of place generally convey two concepts in his poems: a) anxiety and concern and b) isolation and loneliness.