تأثير روابط اجتماعي بر بروز رفتارهاي پرخطر نوجوانان شهر بجنورد

Investigation of the Effect of Social Relations on HighRisk Behaviors of Adolescents of Bojnourd City, Iran

پژوهش حاضر با سنجش رابطه اجتماعي از دو بعد ساختي و كاركردي در پي بررسي تأثير رابطه اجتماعي بر بروز رفتارهاي پرخطر در بين نوجوانان 19-15 ساله شهر بجنورد است. بعد ساختي رابطه اجتماعي با شبكه اجتماعي در چهار خرده مقياس (خويشاوندان بلافصل، خويشاوندان گسترده، همسايگان و دوستان) و بعد كاركردي با حمايت اجتماعي و عزت نفس سنجيده شده است. رفتارهاي پرخطر در هفت گروه (خشونت و حمل سلاح سرد، خودكشي، رابطه جنسي، مصرف سيگار، قليان، مواد مخدر و مشروبات الكلي) مورد بررسي قرار گرفته‌اند. جمعيت مورد مطالعه شامل كليه نوجوانان 1915 سال شهر بجنورد در سال 1393با حجم نمونه 455 نفر است و نمونه‌گيري به روش سهميه‌اي بر حسب سن و جنس، گردآوري شده است. نتايج پژوهش در بعد ساختي رابطه اجتماعي نشان مي‌دهد شبكه روابط اجتماعي نوجوان با خويشاوندان بلافصل تأثير منفي و معنادار و شبكه دوستان و همسايگان تأثير مثبت و معنادار بر رفتارهاي پرخطر نوجوانان دارد. شبكه خويشاوندان گسترده تأثيري بر بروز رفتارهاي مذكور ندارد. نتايج پژوهش در بعد كاركردي رابطه اجتماعي نشان مي‌هد عزت نفس بر رفتارهاي پرخطر نوجوانان تأثير منفي و معنادار دارد اما مقياس كلي حمايت اجتماعي بر بروز رفتارهاي پرخطر نوجوانان تأثيري ندارد، هرچند دو زير مقياس از شش خرده مقياس حمايت اجتماعي شامل زير مقياس‌هاي اطمينان از ارزش و احساس پيوند قابل اعتماد، تأثير منفي و معناداري بر رفتارهاي پرخطر نوجوانان دارند. مدل معادله ساختاري برگرفته از مدل نظري پژوهش، از اعتبار مناسبي براي بررسي تأثير رابطه اجتماعي بر بروز رفتارهاي پرخطر برخوردار است.

Introduction Highrisk behaviors are the ones that are accompanied by shortterm benefits but are followed by longterm losses. Such behaviors are mostly revealed during adolescence. Majority of adolescents move from childhood to adulthood successfully but some of them show highrisk behaviors due to pressure and tensions caused by biological, social andcognitive changes of adolescence. Regarding risk factors and protective factors for highrisk behaviors, some theories will be discussed such as the biological theories of risktaking behavior and psychological theories of risktaking and social and environmental theories of risktaking and the biopsychosocial model of risktaking behavior. By discussing such theories, this study aims to investigate the effect of social relation on highrisk behavior of adolescents. Social relations affect health of people. Lack or shortage of social relations or destructive social relations jeopardize health of people especially adolescents. The effect of social relations on highrisk behaviors has been investigated by two aspects of structure and function. Structurally speaking, much emphasis is put on social networks (immediate kin, extended kin, friends, neighbors) that adolescent have relationships with them. Social network can affect highrisk behaviors of adolescents by social learning, cognitive learning, social control and membership in subcultures. Functionally speaking, the effect of social relation on highrisk behaviors has been investigated by measuring social support (attachment, social integration, opportunity for nurturance, reassurance of worth, a sense of reliable alliance, the obtaining of guidance) and selfesteem. Highrisk behaviors have been examined in seven groups (violence, carrying cold weapons, suicide, sexual intercourse, cigarette, hookah, drug and alcohol use). Materials and Methods This study has been conducted with a crosssectional survey. The statistical population included adolescents of 1519 years old. Scale of sample was identified as 455 people based on Cocran formula and quota sampling was carried out based on age and gender. The information were collected based on four questionnaires including checklist of highrisk behaviors, the Lubben social network scale, social support scale of Cutrona and Russell (Social Provision Scale, SPS) and Rosenberg selfesteem scale. The information was studied descriptively and analytically. Discussion of Results and Conclusions the results of this study show that highrisk behavior is observed less among girls than boys. But particular attention should be paid to highrisk behaviors that relate to women’s potential of fertility since it will be followed by more health, psychological and social risks and consequences for them.Investigation of the hypothesis of the study which was related to the effect of social network as a functional aspect of social relations on highrisk behaviors indicates that network of immediate kin functions as a protective factor against highrisk behaviors of adolescents. Significance of family relations as a protective factor against highrisk and criminal behaviors has been noted in the theory of social control and also social and environmental theories of risktaking which is emphasized in this study. Expansiveness of extended kin network has no impact on highrisk behaviors of adolescents and it can be caused by adolescents’ social, psychological and spatial distance from extended kin network, thus it limits effect of social relation on highrisk behaviors. Expansiveness of network of friends and neighbors as a risk factor affects highrisk behavior of adolescents. Behavior of peers has been deemed to be an influential factor for highrisk behaviors of adolescents in character, environment and behavior model and social and environmental model of risktaking which has been pinpointed in this study.Investigation of tests of hypotheses regarding the effect of social support and selfesteem as functional aspect of social relation on highrisk behaviors indicates that selfesteem and two scales of social support (reassurance of worth, a sense of reliable alliance) affect highrisk behaviors which are emphasized by social and environmental theories of risktaking that considers social support as a protective factor against highrisk behaviors. This hypothesis was confirmed in this study. But other subscales of social support (attachment, social integration, opportunity for nurturance, the obtaining of guidance) have no effect on highrisk behaviors. The effect of selfesteem on highrisk behaviors is emphasized by biological, psychological and social model and theoretical approach to social cognition which has been confirmed in this study. Regarding rejection of the hypothesis which relates to the effect of general scale of social support and its subscales on highrisk behaviors, investigation of social support based on age periods can be reviewed. Generally, model of structural equation obtained from theoretical model of the study is sufficiently valid to investigate the effect of social relations on highrisk behaviors.