تبيين عرفاني ملاصدرا از نظريه وحدت شخصي وجود

Mulla Sadra’s Gnostic Explanation of the Theory of the Individual Unity of Existence

تلاش فكري عميق و توام با شهود حكيم ملاصدرا در تحقيقات پيرامون حقيقت هستي، سرانجام او را به نظريه وحدت شخصي وجود رسانيد تا آنجا كه خود در برخي آثارش خصوصاً رساله عرفاني ايقاظ النايمين‌ ‌همعقيده با عرفا بصراحت بر لزوم باور به وحدت شخصي وجود اذعان نموده است. او در تبيين عرفاني اين نظريه در ساحت هستي‌شناسي، از رهگذر مباحثي همچون اصطلاح شناسي وجود، بيان رابطه ميان وجود و ماهيت، شرح اعتبارات ماهيات ـ هم از حيث تعين في نفسه و هم از حيث تنزل وجودي آنها‌ـ ابتدا نظريه وحدت تشكيكي وجود را طرح و نكات ظريفي را در مفاد اين نظريه بيان مينمايد و سپس از طريق برهان عدمي بودن ازلي و ابدي ممكنات، با بياني عرفاني به تبيين وحدت شخصي وجود نظر ميكند و در نهايت نتيجه ميگيرد كه وحدت و يگانگي موجودات در ذات وجودي خود، نه وحدت و اشتراك سنخي بلكه وحدت شخصي و سرياني است. از نظر او، وجود حقيقي مختص به وجود خداي تعالي است و ممكنات همگي ظهور، نمود و شيون اوصاف وجود حقند و نسبت به آن، وجود ظلي و قيام سايه‌وار دارند.

Mulla Sadra’s profound philosophical deliberations, which were accompanied by his intuitive contemplations, regarding the truth of being, finally led him to the theory of the individual unity of existence. In line with gnostics, he explicitly acknowledges the necessity of believing in this theory in some of his works, particularly, in his gnostic treatise of Iqaz al-na’imin. In order to provide a gnostic explanation for this theory in the realm of ontology, Mulla Sadra resorts to ontological terminology, describes the relationship between existence and quiddity, and discusses the validity of quiddities in terms of both their fact-itself individuation and ontological descent. In doing so, he initially propounds the theory of the graded unity of existence and states some delicate points in relation to its content. Then, based on the eternal and pre-eternal non-existential nature of possible things, he uses a gnostic language to clarify the individual unity of existence. Finally, he concludes that the unity or oneness of existents in their ontological essence is of an individual and permeating type rather than a specific one. In his view, true existence is exclusively limited to the existence of the Almighty, and all possible beings are the manifestations, appearances, and modes of the attributes of the existence of the Truth and enjoy a shadow-like existence in comparison to Him.