تبيين فرآيند آسيب پذيري روستاييان نسبت به خشك سالي (مطالعه موردي: روستاي پشتنگ - شهرستان روانسر)

Explain the Process of Villagers Vulnerability to Drought (Case Study: Peshtang Village in Ravansar County)

هدف: اثرات متنوّع خشك‌ساليهاي مستمر، منجر به آسيبپذيري خانوارهاي روستاييان و ناپايداري معيشتي آن‌ها مي‌شود و ماهيت چندبعدي و پوياي آسيبپذيري ناشي از خشكسالي موجبات دشواري مطالعۀ آن را فراهم مي‌سازد. اين در حالي است كه درك ماهيت آسيبپذيري نقش مهمّي در كاهش اثرات خشك‌سالي و بهبود معيشت پايدار روستاييان دارد. در اين راستا، هدف از اين پژوهش، تبيين فرآيند آسيب‌پذيري روستاييان نسبت به خشك‌سالي است.روش: پژوهش حاضر با بهره‌گيري از روش تئوري بنياني انجام شده است. نمونه‌هاي مورد مطالعه را سرپرستان خانوارهاي روستاي پشتنگ چشمه‌قلي‌جان شهرستان روانسر در استان كرمانشاه تشكيل مي‌دادند كه با تكنيك طبقه‌بندي مشاركتي درآمد شناسايي و به روش نمونه‌گيري هدفمند انتخاب شده‌اند. جمع‌آوري داده‌ها با بهره‌گيري از مصاحبۀ نيمه‌ساختارمند و گروه‌هاي متمركز آغاز شد، اين روند تا رسيدن به اشباع تئوريك ادامه يافت. داده‌هاي حاصل در قالب سه مرحلۀ كدگذاري باز، محوري و انتخابي تحليل و فرآيند آسيب‌پذيري روستاييان نسبت به خشك‌سالي تبيين شد.يافته‌ها: نتايج نشان داد علل آسيب‌پذيري روستاييان نسبت به خشك‌سالي، متنوّع و گسترده بوده و يازده مقوله را در بر مي‌گيرد كه در قالب مدل پارادايمي شامل شرايط علّـي (عوامل آب‌و‌هوايي)، پديـده، زمينه (محيطي و معيشتي)، شرايط مداخله‌گر (عوامل نهاديحمايتي)، كنش يا راهبردها (فنّي و غيرفنّي) و پيامدها (اقتصادي، اجتماعي و زيست‌محيطي) است و فرآيند آسيب‌پذيري روستاييان و ارتباط بين ابعاد مختلف آن را منعكس مي‌كند.راه‌كارهاي عملي: برمبناي نتايج به‌دست‌آمده پيشنهاد مي‌شود كه متولّيان امر، راهبردهاي مشاركتي را براي كاهش اثرات خشك‌سالي و ارتقاي تاب‌آوري و ظرفيت سازگاري روستاييان منطقه در اولويت قرار دهند، در اين راستا، اتخاذ استراتژي‌هاي پايدار معيشتي با تأكيد بر تقويت سرمايه‌هاي فيزيكي، اجتماعي، انساني، مالي و طبيعي روستاييان آسيب‌پذير توصيه مي‌شود.

Extended abstract1. INTRODUCTIONVarious effects of continuous drought, contributes to the vulnerability of rural households and their livelihoods is unstable, dynamic and multidimensional nature and vulnerability of drought it difficult to provide the study. However, to understand what an important role in mitigating the effects of drought vulnerability and improve the livelihood of rural people. The purpose of this research is to explain the process of villagers ' vulnerability to drought.2. METHODOLOGYTherefore, the purpose of this Qualitative research was to explain the process of villagers ' vulnerability to drought, case: Peshtang Village in Ravansar County, that It takes Two following specific aims in relation to the status of household’s vulnerability to drought: (A) What is the process of vulnerability theory of drought in rural areas? (B) What are the constituent elements (basic concepts, causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, interaction strategies, and outcomes) of this process?Due to the main purpose of this research, the regional was elected that in the past, it had good agricultural condition but now because of regional drought, it is high damage, so the Peshtang village with emphasize of agriculture experts in Rawansar city and key local informants, was selected. This village is of Dawlat Abad district of the central city of Rawansar in Kermanshah province, which has a population of 145 people, 45 households, and 30 km from the city center Rawansar and livelihoods of most people in the village are farmers and ranchers.In order to explore and enrich the experiences, attitudes and perceptions of rural people to the magnitude of vulnerability resulting from drought in Peshtang village on Rawansar County used the qualitative research methods and specifically the grounded theory approach provided Strauss The population used in this study included all the rural households in the sample were selected by Purposive sampling. On the other hand, given that the level of drought vulnerability among the people of these villages was not the same, so in order to identify vulnerable groups, classification techniques of participatory rural incomes by key informants was conducted. Data were collected using semistructured individual interview, focus groups, direct observation, field notes, income participatory classification, land use mapping techniques. After 10 semistructured interviews, each for a maximum of two hours, theoretical saturation was achieved. Thus, the responses were repeated and new concepts of the samples weren 't found. Three steps are used to analyze data with recommendations of Strauss and Corbin (1998): Open coding، axial and selective coding was utilized as a basis of data analysis. Open coding is part of an analysis concerned with identifying, naming, categorizing, and describing phenomenon found in the text. At the end of this stage was 11 floors. In axial coding, communication and connection between categories was discovered. Axial coding is the process of relating codes to each other, through a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. In selective coding, the researcher chooses one category to be the core category, and relates all other categories derived during previous process to that category. 3.DISCUSSIONFindings from the analysis of comparing 11 floors of open coding showed that classification of rural vulnerability to drought as a core category (phenomenon central to the process) and in a paradigmatic model, axial coding was done. paradigmatic model of axial coding includes causal conditions, context, core category, Intervening conditions, action or strategies and consequences. in fact, a grounded theory researcher Identified one of the open coding categories as the core category that is central to a theory. Then, this core category becomes the center point of the axial coding paradigm. Examining this paradigm, included the following: Causal conditions; categories of conditions that influence the core category,Context; the specific conditions that influence the strategies,Core category; the idea of phenomenon central to the process,Intervening conditions; the general contextual conditions that influence strategies,Strategies; the specific actions or interactions that result from the core phenomenonConsequences; the outcomes of employing the strategies.Results of this qualitative research indicated the causes of rural vulnerability to drought is varied and 11 component includes that in the form of paradigmatic model includes causal conditions (Climatic factors), phenomenon, context (environmental and livelihood), intervening conditions (institutional protective factors), action or strategies (Technical and nontechnical) and consequences (Economic, social and environmental), process of rural vulnerability show and reflect different aspects of it.4. CONCLUSIONBased on the results, it is recommended that authorities perform participatory strategies to mitigate the effects of drought and promoting the adaptation capacity of villagers prioritizing in the rural areas, in the context recommended that sustainable livelihood strategies with an emphasis on strengthening physical, social, human, financial and natural assets for vulnerable rural.