كليدواژه :
كود زيستي , كاربرد تلفيقي كود , عملكرد , شاخص هاي رشد
چكيده فارسي :
اثر تاريخ كاشت و مصرف كودهاي زيستي و شيميايي بر شاخص هاي فيزيولوژيك و عملكرد دانه بادام زميني طي آزمايشي به صورت اسپيلت پلات در قالب طرح پايه بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سال زراعي92-91 در مزرعه تحقيقاتي دانشگاه بوعلي سينا همدان بررسي شد. سه تاريخ كاشت اول خرداد ،10 خرداد و 20 خرداد بعنوان كرت اصلي و مصرف كود زيستي و شيميايي در چهار سطح شامل مصرف كود شيميايي فسفاته كامل و 50 درصد كود شيميايي نيتروژنه + كود زيستي نيتروژنه، كود شيميايي نيتروژنه كامل و 50 درصد كود شيميايي فسفاته + كود زيستي فسفره، 50 درصد كود شيميايي نيتروژنه و 50 درصد كود شيميايي فسفاته + كاربرد توام كودهاي زيستي نيتروژنه و فسفره و استفاده كامل 100 در صد از كودهاي شيميايي بعنوان كرت فرعي در نظر گرفته شد. نتايج نشان داد اثرات تاريخ كاشت، كود و اثرات متقابل تاريخ كاشت و كود براي حداكثر شاخص سطح برگ، حداكثر سرعت رشد محصول، حداكثر ماده خشك كل، دوام سطح برگ، عملكرد دانه در سطح يك درصد معني دار شد. براي ميزان سبزينگي برگ، روز تا گلدهي، روز تا غلاف دهي، روز تا رسيدگي اثرات متقابل تاريخ كاشت و كود معني دار نبود. در تاريخ كاشت دوم براي حداكثر شاخص سطح برگ، حداكثر سرعت رشد محصول، حداكثر ماده خشك كل، دوام سطح برگ روند تيمارهاي مصرف انفرادي كود زيستي نيتروژنه و كود زيستي فسفره مشابه تاريخ كاشت اول بود، ولي از لحاظ مقدار كاهش داشت. در تاريخ كاشت سوم شاخص هاي حداكثر شاخص سطح برگ، حداكثر سرعت رشد محصول، حداكثر ماده خشك كل نسبت به تاريخ كاشت اول به ترتيب 64، 76 و 71 درصد كاهش نشان دادند. حداكثر مقادير شاخص هاي مذكور در تاريخ كاشت اول و با تيمار مصرف 100% كود شيميايي و كاربرد توام كود شيميايي و زيستي نيتروژنه + فسفره حاصل شد.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual herbaceous plant in Fabaceae which grown in tropical to temperate regions worldwide for extracting its seed oil and nut consumption. Select the optimum planting date is one of the most important agricultural techniques that comply with the seed yield is maximized . For instance, delay planting date can reduce the number of fertile nodes and the number of pods per plant. The delay in planting date reduces total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and yield in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Daneshian et al., (2008) reported that the delay in planting date reduced sunflower (Helianthus annuus) yield due to high temperatures in early growth which shortened flowering time and reduced solar radiation. On the other hand, due to increase importance of environmental issues has been attending biofertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers has formed by beneficial bacteria and fungi that each of them are produced for a specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate, potassium and iron ions of insoluble compound. The use of nitrogen fertilizer with slow-releasing ability stimulated shoot growth in soybean (Glycine max) and be created more LAI in the reproductive process, particularly during grain filling stage and finally increased seed yield . Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the interaction of biological and chemical fertilizers in the purpose of achieving sustainable agriculture with emphasis of the effects of various planting dates on physiological parameters and growth of peanut in Hamadan. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of planting date on important physiological indices of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) under the influence of biological and chemical fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in the research farm of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan during 2013 growing season. This study was done as a split plot experimental design based on randomized co dates. It seems that in the third planting date, plant flowering was occurred earlier than the first date. High
temperature with delayed planting shortened the peanut growing season and it ccelerated flowering period. Moreover, complete chemical fertilizers (100%) was highest for mentioned traits and combine using of chemical fertilizer and nitrogen + phosphorus biofertilizers had the least difference compared to complete chemical fertilizer. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help the plant to absorb more nutrients which causes increasing plant growth and the number of lateral branches in plant. Plants inoculated with Pseudomonas illustrated an increase in the amount of leaf chlorophyll content compare to plants ithout inoculation after 45 days which it can be attributed to the increased availability of iron in the siderophore production by Pseudomonas. Results indicated that the interaction between planting date and bio-fertilizers in maximum leaf area index, maximum crop growth rate and maximum total dry weight was significant at the %1 level. Changes in leaf area and crop growth rate and total dry matter in all planting dates had a similar trend.The highest growth index was obtained from the first planting date (22 May) with application of 100% chemical fertilizer and also combine using of chemical fertilizer and
nitrogen+ phosphorus biofertilizers. Increasing CGR during the growing season can be attributed to the increasing of leaf area or less reduction of leaf net photosynthesis. The delay in planting date reduces the length of growing season and simultaneous ccurrence of reproductive stages and late season heat stress caused the reduction in dry matter accumulation. Azospirillum with the ability to nitrogen fixing, improved root growth and
increase the rate of absorption of water and nutrients and thus it causes the increase of leaf area and crop growth rate . The ccombined use of humic acid and Pseudomonas putida increased soil pH that with phosphorus availability it will make further increase soybean yield. The delay planting date has been reduced the maximum leaf area index and leaf area. Although biological nitrogen fertilizer alone could not increase the leaf area
duration as much 100% chemical fertilizer, biological nitrogen fertilizer in combination with phosphorus biofertilizer increased leaf area for the 22 May and 31 May planting date. Plant yield had a direct correlation with growth duration. Whatever growth duration is longer; the amount of radiation absorption by plant increased and causes the increase crop yield. Accumulation of organic matter by bacteria in the soil increased the nutrient
availability, which caused more significant increase in the number of seeds per pod and seed weight and grain yield. Conclusions
The results revealed that the 22 May planting date had the highest growth and yield compare with the other
planting dates. In addition, using a combination of biological and chemical fertilizers decreased application of
50% chemical fertilizers. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable agriculture and reducing environmental
pollution, combination of biological and chemical fertilizers can be a viable alternative to reduce the application
of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers for peanut production in Hamedan condition.
