برآورد سهم ناكاراي شكاف دستمزد روستايي- شهري ايران

Estimation the share of inefficient wage inequality between rural-urban in Iran

يكي از عوامل اصلي متروكه شدن روستاها و مهاجرت نيروي كار روستايي به شهرها، نابرابري دستمزد بين نيروي كار شهري و روستايي است. مهاجرت، به دليل نبود رشد صنعتي درون­زا در شهرها و ناتواني بخش صنعت در جذب نيروي كار مهاجر روستايي، منجر به افزايش فقر و بيكاري در مناطق شهري مي‌شود. لذا اين مطالعه، با استفاده از داده‌هاي بودجه خانوار در بازه­ي زماني 1385 تا 1393 ايران و مدل‌هاي تجزيه اكساكا بليندر (نابرابري در ميانگين) و ماچادو متا (نابرابري در كل توزيع دستمزد) به بررسي شكاف دستمزد بين مناطق شهري و روستايي مي‌پردازد. نتايج مدل تجزيه اكساكا بليندر نشان مي‌دهد، در طول دوره‌ي مورد مطالعه 63 درصد از شكاف دستمزد، كارا بوده است، همچنين مدل ماچادو متا نشان مي‌دهد كه در سال 1393 نسبت به سال 1385 در چندك‌هاي پايين، سهم نابرابري كارا افزايش‌يافته و در چندك‌هاي بالا اين سهم كاهش‌يافته است، اين نشان مي‌دهد كه افراد داراي درآمد بالا، لزوماً داراي سرمايه انساني بالاتر نيستند.

Wage differences between two groups can be explained by two factors, difference in human capital and occupational and activity status that observable, and another factor related to discrimination, discrimination is difference in return for equal characteristic, in fact discrimination cannot be explained by differences in characteristics such as education, experience. If the difference in wages was due to human capital difference, because each of the factors of production are paid based on the value of their marginal product. Such as wage gap is efficient and imply on optimal resource allocation. But if wage gap was due to discrimination, wage gap is inefficient. In recent years, one of the most problems in Iran migration of rural people to urban area. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is regional wage gap. The evidence of gathering data from statistical center of Iran show that wage inequality between rural-urban regional is high in 2006 and has decreased in 2014. therefore the goal of this study, the estimation of the share of inefficient wage inequality between rural-urban in Iran by using the data from Households’ Income and Expenditures surveys over 2006-2014 and applying Oaxaca-Blinder (inequality of wage at mean) and Machado-Mata (inequality of wage at entire distribution) decomposition models. Theoretical framework For decomposition wage inequality between rural-urban regional we use of Baker’s taste discrimination theory (1957). Becker (1957) introduces the concept of discrimination on the labor market; employers maximize the utility function and have disutility from employing the some group. Equation (1) shows that wage difference can be decompose to two part, first term on the right hand side of equation (1) indicating regional wage gap due to productivity difference and second term due to discrimination.