كليدواژه :
پسااستعمارگرايي , ژئوپليتيك و استعمار , شرق شناسي , فرودستي , جنگ و خشونت , بيوپليتيك
چكيده فارسي :
ژئوپليتيك انتقادي در روند توسعه خود، تحولاتي را پشت سر گذاشته است و از تمركز بر ديدگاه پساساختارگرايي و دغدغه هاي اوليه نسبت به عرصه رسمي كشورداري، و از تمركز بر نقد و شالوده شكني و گفتمان هاي استراتژيك تبديل به حوزه اي براي در برگرفتن مسائل متعددي مانند جنگ، بازنمايي و غيره شده و پسوند هاي مختلفي از ژئوپليتيك انتقادي ظهور يافته است. يكي از ديدگاه هايي كه در دو دهه اخير در مطالعات و تحليل هاي ژئوپليتيكي به كار گرفته شده است، ديدگاه پسااستعماگرايي است. با توجه به قابليت هاي فراوان ديدگاه پسااستعماري براي تحليل بسياري از مسائل جهان كنوني و به ويژه منطقه خاورميانه، و نيز با توجه به خلا ادبيات در زبان فارسي در مورد چگونگي كاربرد ديدگاه پسااستعماري در تحليل هاي ژئوپليتيكي، مقاله حاضر با استفاده از روش توصيفي - تحليلي به بررسي مهمترين كاربردهاي ديدگاه پسااستعمارگرايي در تحليل هاي ژئوپليتيكي مي پردازد. نتايج تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه ديدگاه پسااستعمارگرايي، به لحاظ نظري، چالش هايي را براي سنت ها و بينش هاي رشته جغرافياي سياسي و نظريه هاي ژئوپليتيكي كه عمدتاً بر اساس ديدگاه غربي هستند، به وجود آورده است. مهم ترين كاربردهاي ديدگاه پسااستعمارگرايي در تحليل هاي ژئوپليتيكي، نقد و تحليل رويه شرق شناسي در دنياي كنوني؛ مباحث مربوط به ژئوپليتيك فرودستي؛ مسئله جنگ و خشونت، و بيوپليتيك است. در كل، ديدگاه پسااستعماري در ژئوپليتيك، توجه خاصي به حكومت ها، گروه ها و انسان هاي فرودست و ضعيف در جهان كنوني دارد. اين ديدگاه درد و رنج انساني را در فضاهايي خاص به تصوير مي كشد و تحليلي انتقادي از تقاطع بين ژئوپليتيك، بيوپليتيك و ژئواكونومي ارائه مي كند.
چكيده لاتين :
In its development, critical geopolitics have undergone many changes and turned into a filed covering various issues including war, culture, representation, identity, gender, resistance and etc. And now different Suffixes of critical geopolitics (such as postmodern geopolitics and feminist geopolitics) have emerged. Post-colonialism is amongst the ViewS Which have been recently highlighted in the field of critical geopolitics. Despite the fact that post-colonial studies are intrinsically geographical and political, few experts in the field of political geography have attended to post-colonialism. Considering that post-colonialism is effective to analyze most of the current world issues, the present article is aimed at studying the application of post-colonialism view in geopolitical analyses.
Methodology
This study is of theoretical-fundamental type with a descriptive-analytic research methodology. Given the nature of selected subject matter, required information was collected through library and internet research; meaning that the data were extracted from books and articles and then classified for more qualitative analysis.
Results and Discussion
Post-colonialism does not have a single origin; but consists of different reactions to colonialism and decolonialization which have inspired both liberalization contention and academic studies. However, the effect of postcolonial theory can be traced in works of some writers like Frantz Fanon, Subaltern group studies, Edward Said, Homi Bhabha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Knowledge and power are included within in the heart of post colonialism. Focusing on knowledge has led to thinking about methods which, in return, create geographical imagination of social worlds. This issue has highlighted that how people and societies understand themselves as well as their relations with each other. The most important applications of post-colonialism in geopolitical analyses were reviewed in the present article. Four main applications were identified: first, studying the orientalism view in the current world. In this regard, post-colonial studies review and criticize the role of realism in making of 'exception' and 'difference' in creation of identity. Postcolonial analyses indicate that orientalism is still alive in the policies pursued by the West for its re-domination of inferior countries. Second, using post-colonialism in studies related to Subaltern geopolitics, which analyzes marginalized issues and geopolitical and geographical imaginations of minorities who have been marginalized against the power. Third application of post-colonialism in geopolitics is in the analysis of War and Violence. Such issues as pain and agony of civilians in current Wars, and how Wars are done and Spaces through which wars are done, are discussed. Bio-political analysis can be considered as the last possible application of post-colonialism in geopolitics. In this regard Security and political procedures of the West with regard to human life in specific spaces are discussed. Accordingly, Security procedures of the West are not determined by "geopolitics" or "biopolitics" alone, but by a "toxic combination" of the both.
Conclusion
There has recently emerged a constructive interaction between geopolitical analyses and post-colonialism. Post-colonialism theory demonstrates the partiality of knowledge, especially which produced in colonial Europe. Findings of the present study showed that post-colonialism in geopolitics criticizes the role of realism in creation of 'exception' and 'difference'. Post-colonialism particularly focuses on Subaltern and weak States, groups and people in the current World. It also provides a critical analysis of the intersection among biopolitics, geopolitics and geo-economics. Given the current procedures of the World, post colonialism is considered as a view that can be used for the analysis of many geopolitical SSUCS.
