تأثير مكمل‌سازي سركه انگور قرمز و باكتري پديوكوكوس اسيدي لاكتيسي بر عملكرد رشد، سيستم ايمني و صفات لاشه جوجه‌هاي گوشتي

Effect of red grapes vinegar and Pidiococcus acidilactici bacteria supplementation on growth performance, immune system and some carcass traits of broiler chickens

زمينه مطالعاتي: سركه انگور باكاهش اسيديته و در نتيجه كاهش ميكرواركانيسم­هاي مضر جيره وباكتري پديوكوكوس اسيدي لاكتيسي (پروبيوتيكPAL) به عنوان باكتري مقاوم به اسيد با توليد تركيبات ضد ميكروبي اثرات مفيدي بر عملكرد حيوان دارند. هدف: مطالعه حاضر جهت ارزيابي اثرات مكمل ­سازي سركه انگور قرمز و پروبيوتيك PAL بر عملكرد رشد، پاسخ سيستم ايمني و صفات لاشه جوجه­ هاي گوشتي انجام گرفت. روش كار: براي اين منظور تعداد ۳۶۰ قطعه جوجه گوشتي نر يك روزه راس ۳۰۸ در يك آزمايش فاكتوريل ۳×۲ در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي، با شش تيمار، پنج تكرار و 12 قطعه جوجه در هر تكرار تا 42 روزگي پرورش داده شدند. جيره­ هاي آزمايشي حاوي سركه انگور (صفر، دو و سه درصد) و PAL (صفر و ۰/۰۱ درصد) بودند. نتايج: نتايج اين آزمايش نشان داد كه افزودن سه درصد سركه در جيره غذايي موجب افزايش مصرف خوراك در دوره رشد (۲۲-۴۲ روزگي) و كل دوره پرورش (۰-۴۲ روزگي) گرديد (۰/۰۵>P) و استفاده از پروبيوتيك PAL، وزن بدن و ضريب تبديل خوراك را در دوره آغازين (۰-۲۱ روزگي) و كل دوره پرورش (۰-۴۲ روزگي) به طور معني­داري بهبود بخشيد (۰/۰۵>P). در كل دوره پرورش، پرندگاني كه تركيب سركه و پروبيوتيك PAL را دريافت كرده بودند ضريب تبديل خوراك بهتري داشتند (۰/۰۵>P). بيشترين تيتر آنتي­ بادي عليه ويروس نيوكاسل نيز در سرم پرندگان تغذيه شده با تركيب سطح دو درصد سركه و پروبيوتيك PAL مشاهده گرديد (۰/۰۵>P). هيچ كدام از تيمار­هاي آزمايشي تأثير معني ­داري بر راندمان لاشه، وزن­­ هاي سينه، ران و چربي محوطه بطني نداشتند (۰/۰۵P). نتيجه­ گيري نهايي: نتايج نشان داد كه استفاده از سركه به همراه پروبيوتيك PAL در مقايسه با استفاده از آن­ها به تنهايي تأثير بهتري بر عملكرد رشد و پاسخ سيستم ايمني جوجه­ هاي گوشتي داشت.

Introduction : Probiotics have been defined as live microbial feed supplements, which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intes tinal microbial balance (Fuller 1989). A variety of microbial species have been used as probiotics, including species of Bacillus , Bifidobacterium , Enterococcus , Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , Streptococcus , a variety of yeast species (Patterson and B urkholder 2003 ; wang et al. 2010). Among these , Pediococcus acidlactici bacteria ( probiotic PLA ) belongs to the homofermentative gram - positive bacteria, able to grow in a wide range of pH, temperatures and osmotic pressures, and thus able to colonize and inhabit the digestive tract and exert antagonism against other microorganisms, including enteric pathogens, primarily through the production of lactic acid and secretion of bacteriocins known as pediocins (Lee et al. 2007 ; Daeschel and Klaenhammer 198 5 ) . Organic acid supplementation has been reported to decrease colonization of pathogens and production of toxic metabolites ( Hudha et al. 2010 ). Material and m ethods: Three hundred and sixty, one - d ay - old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were obtained from a commercial hatchery . The birds were initially weighed individually so that the pens had similar initial weight distribution and were randomly assigned to six experimental groups, with five replicates of 12 chicks each. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included two levels of probiotic PLA ( B 1 : 0% and B 2 : 0.01%) and three levels of vinegar ( A 1 : 0 % ; A 2 : 2% and A 3 : 3%). A lighting prog ram was used according to the guidelines of the Ross 308. Environmental temperature was maintained at 32 ± 1°C during the first week and gradually reduced to 2 1 °C until the end of the experiment . The diet was based on corn, soybean meal and wheat and formula ted according to NRC (1994) requirement for two period of starter (0 - 21 d) and growth (21 - 42 d) days. The composition and nutrient analysis of the basal diet are shown in Table 1 . Probiotic used in this experiment brand ( Bactocell). Bactocell was purchased from L allemand animal health compang, france. The bacterial flora in the bactocell probiotic has mentioned to Pedicocos acidilactici bacteria in a concentration of 10 10 cfu/g. Grape vinegar was contain 6% acetic acid. B ody Weight gain and Feed intake was measured weekly and calculated during the course of the whole experiment on a pen basis, and the feed conversion rates were calculated subsequently. At 42 days of age two broilers per pen were randomly selected, weighed, and slaughtered. After slaughter, percentage of body weight and percentage of body components weight were measured. Carcass weight was measured, and carcass percentage was expressed as a ratio of live weight. The percentage of breast and thigh were calcul ated as a ratio of the carcass weight. The percentage of abdominal fat, pancreas, liver and immune organs ( b ursa of f abricius, s pleen and thymus ) were calculated as a ratio of the live weight. Data were analyzed using the g eneral Linear Model procedures of SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute 200 2 ) . When the analysis of variance was significant, Duncan's multiple - range test was used to separate the means. Statements of statistical significance are based on P <0.05. Result s and d iscussion: The effect of dietary treatments on body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio are shown in Table 2. Results showed that 3% vinegar increased feed consumption in growth period (22 - 42 days) and entire experiment of period (0 - 42 days) ( P <0.05). This result is s imilar to the finding of Mohammadbagheri and Najafi (2014) , who reported that inclusion 2% vinegar in diet resulted in significantly increase feed consumption . I t may add vinegar to mesh diet leads to increase palatability and improved mixing ration items, resulting in increased feed intake and consequently an increase in body weight gain. Probiotic PLA improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chicke ns during starter (0 - 21 days) and through experimental period (0 - 42 days) ( P <0.05). This result is contrary to the findings of Yeo and Kim (1997), who reported that average daily weight gain of chickens fed probiotics was significantly increased during the first 3 wk of growth but not during the 4th to 6th wk of growth. The best feed conversion ratio was observed in diets containing probiotic PLA and 2% vinegar ( P <0.05). Improvement production efficacy of broiler chickens fed with probiotic and organic acids also reported by Taheri et al. ( 20 10 ) and Rowghani et al. (2007) . Dressing percentage, weights breast , thigh and abdominal fat content were not affected by dietary treatments, however relative weight of pancreas in birds fed diet containing 2% vinegar was lower compared to control group. The relative weight of liver was increased by vinegar supplementation ( P <0.05). The liver is a site of detoxification and bile production, thus it is suggested that liver size is dependent on the amount of work it does. Brenes et al. (1993) stated that after absorption, the liver is the major site of SCFA metabolism, where propionic and butyric acids are almost entirely taken up. Thus, they suggested that liver size is dependent on the gastrointestinal microflora and/or their fermentation products . T he highest antibody titer of Newcastle disease virus was observed in diets containing probiotic PLA and 2% vinegar ( P <0.05) . O rganic acids by lowering intestine pH of broiler chickens can reduce harmful microorganisms so that decrease sensitivity to diseases resulting in improving immune system and resistance against diseases ( Dibner and Buttin , 2002 ). C onclusion : In conclusion, the combination of vinegar and 0.01 % probiotic PLA improved growth performance and Immune response in broiler chickens.