چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Rural settlements over the past three decades have faced with numerous problems in environmental, ecological, socio-cultural, economic, physical-spatial dimensions such as dropping the amount of income and employment, migration, lack of services and infrastructure facilities, which worsen instability in these settlements. On the other hand, in addition to the direct impact on rural settlement areas and due to functional conjunction between rural and urban settlement systems, the spatial effects of these problems can create plentiful problems in the regional and even national settlement systems indirectly.
Nowadays, considering rural tourism as a source to increase income and creating financial welfare has been declared by means of increasing expansion of population and poverty in the local communities, and as a result of public and private policies and investment, this attention has provided fields of structural-functional changes of these rural spaces which has caused to residential sustainability/unsustainability. As an economical-cultural activity, this study attempts to answer this question that how rural tourism developing has caused to residential sustainability/unsustainability in the studied villages (Shemshak) during (1996-2011).
Methodology
Methodology of research was descriptive-analytical study, and required data were gathered through field and library research. The statistical software (EXCEL and SPSS) were used to analyze the data and also, to draw the maps, ArcGIS was utilized. Population include 362 households that 20 households were selected and asked as sample size. Also, 20 persons were selected as sample size among tourists.
Results and Discussion
Based on findings of field studies, tourism activities on average have led to environmental harms (pollution caused by dumping waste in rivers, etc.) in Shemshak village. In truth, due to the lack of proper collection and waste disposal system in the village and around it and the unavailability of garbage bins for tourists, the environment, especially water resources are increasingly exposed to these contaminants and hence, the environment has provided instability fields of rural settlement environment. In fact, the development of rural tourism in Shemshak village has led to a change in the socio-cultural and economic structure and has provided its
functional development fields.
Based on the results of field studies, the most important economic activities in the studied village were labor hood, tourism services, animal husbandry, agriculture and gardening, respectively in 2011. Limitations due to environmental constraints (being village mountainous) has caused a decline in employment in the agricultural sector. Thus, most settlements of the village are engaged in labor hood and then tourism services. The amount of investments in Shemshak is very low.
With the expansion of tourism employment, rising incomes, changing jobs, increasing the price of land and housing in the village led to indigenous population tendency to remain in the village and attraction of often private investment and immigration permits. On the other hand, according to the results of the field studies, tourism has had very little role in weakening the indigenous and local culture in the studied village. Shemshak village, especially in the last decade and because of the spreading tourism, has been exposed to heavy structural changes. So that, its physical issue is a reflection of such changes: changes in land use (increasing residential use with increasing the amount of residential construction), predominant use of non-indigenous materials and patterns and urban design (by reason of the expansion of tourism and relations with city), disorganization of passages tissue, the increasing degradation of traditional village's tissue, etc., are of these transformations.
Conclusions
The results of the field studies show that more tourists for reasons such as lack of facilities and welfare-cultural services, difficulties caused by harsh climatic conditions, absence of governmental supports of the tourism, etc., they give lower priority to Shemshak village to trip than other tourism rural settlements, and most of the time, try daily and seasonal trip with personal vehicle and with their friends for sports and recreational activities.
By intensification of environmental problems, as well as creating duality and contrast in physical tissue of the village under study (case study), tourism has resulted in environmental-ecological and physical unsustainability, but in socio-cultural and economic field, tourism has led to social sustainability-cultural and economic sustainability, by increasing income, decreasing rural-urban migrations, and in conclusion, promoting the trend of persistency in rural settlements.
In the end, to improve tourism condition and its more effectiveness in sustainability of rural settlements under study and other similar villages, the following suggestions are presented: special attention to promotion of tourism in development programs and supporting it, implementation of the tourism strategic-structural plan in order to equip and strengthen the rural settlement services, implementation of rural environmental protection schemes, development of rural ways, avoiding improper urbanists' construction, employing the experienced individuals in activities related to tourism, making infrastructure in order to increase profits and earn more tourism income for the indigenous people of the village, carrying out advertising activities and so on.
