چكيده لاتين :
Techniques of environmental assessment, including assessment of the environmental
impact assessment based on the best seller and implementation of environmental
and evaluated based on the environmental impact are some typical methods of
evaluation. each has advantages and disadvantages numerous cases of good h~we
shown, however, a new approach based on life cycle assessment approach is
comprehensive and covers the flaws of the previous assessment. In recent decades,
awareness of environmental issues has increased and the public believe that the
consumption of goods and use services have large impact on resources and
environmental quality and the effects might be in all stages of life cycle the extraction of raw materials to production, distribution, consumption and waste management
happen. Integrated management of solid waste (IWM) is the main strategy in dealing
with municipal solid waste. In waste management, landfill and incinerators in
addition to other methods, such as composting and recycling are also used. The aim
of LCA compares a wide range of adverse social and environmental effects of the
product and selects the option that is least harmful effects.
Materials and Methods
It is based on life cycle assessment of urban waste management plan and made
available to users at the end to solve some specific problems and combine different
elements.
In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used as the way in which all
environmental impacts associated with a product which is evaluated entire life cycle.
For this purpose, various data required were collected. Then all the material and
environmental resources and the technology used and emissions of various
substances into the environment were assessment (inventory). Finally, the impacts of
these materials in the form of a number of environmental indicators were little. The
software which is used to get the result of the research is IWM1 in which
Environment Council and the plastics industry in Canada by the University of
Waterloo to help decision-makers, this model offered. In other words, our model
selection and application techniques, technologies and appropriate management
programs to achieve specific management goals help waste. Preliminary studies have
also shown that model of life cycle assessment method IWM-1 of Iran has not been
completed. Therefore, in this study to demonstrate the capabilities and shortcomings
of the information model listed, is used for the city Mahdasht. Discussion and Conclusion
Compare the scenarios: Two scenarios (case management) for the city Mahdasht were defined:
In the first scenario it is assumed that all production waste to landfill 7 by 8395
tonnes a year has passed. In this case, energy consumption 8 is equivalent GJ608. In
this case the amount of greenhouse 9 gas emissions by 42 tons of C02, 411 tons and
8765 tons of CH4 + NOX gases is equivalent to 10 C02. The amount of acid gas
emissions by 11%, including 0.28 tons of NOX, 0.07 tons and 0.04 tons of HCI is SOX.
The May release smoke 12 respectively 0.3 tons of NOX, 2.3 tons and 1.4 tons
13VOCs is PM. The release of heavy metals in the air and release it in the water
almost equal to zero, respectively, including 0.42 kg of lead (Pb), 0.006 kg of mercury
(Hg), 0.57 kg of cadmium (Cd), 7.556 kg 14BOD and 0.0001 grams of dioxin is 15.
In the second scenario it is assumed that the total amount of waste produced 20% of
its value (about 1679 tons) into compost 16 and 4% (equivalent to 336 tons) entered
the recycling 17. In this case, the amount of waste sent to land fill to the amount of
6380 tons reduced. In this case, the amount of energy used for landfill GJ 331,
composting and recycling GJ 371 was 25 GJ. In this case the amount of greenhouse
gas emissions in the order of 560 tons of C02, 306 to.ns of CH4 + NOX and C02
equivalent gases is 5910 tons. The amount of acid gas emissions in the order of 0.13
tons of NOX, 0.03 tons of SOX and HCI is 0.028 tons. May smoke emissions by 0.13
tons of NOX, 2 tons is PM and 1 ton of VOCs. emissions of heavy metals 18 in the air
and release it in the water almost zero respectively 0.35 kg of lead (Pb), 0.005 kg of
mercury (Hg), 0.49 kg of cadmium (Cd), 6.496 kg BOD and 0.00006 grams of dioxins is.
Comparing the two scenarios we can see that operations such as composting and
recycling significantly reduce the space needed for landfills, reducing energy
consumption, reduce emissions, reduce emissions of acid gases, reduce emissions of
May smoke, reduce emissions of heavy metals. So that the second scenario from
8395 tons to 6380 tons per year Conclusion
The amount of waste sent to landfill which saves considerable space due to the
limitation of land to be buried. The amount of waste emissions such as leakage of
leachate into groundwater and toxic gases such as methane significantly reduced.
Energy consumption of 608 GJ fell to 331 GJ, which is a great savings (due to
increased energy prices and limit it). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the
atmosphere from 42 tons to -560 tons in the case of C02, CH4 + NOX from 411 tons
to 306 tons of C02 equivalent emissions from 8765 tons to 5910 tons; Reduce acid
gas emissions into the atmosphere from 0.28 tons to 0.13 tons in the case of NOX,
SOX from 0.07 tonnes to 0.03 tonnes HCI from 0.04 tonnes to 0.028 tonnes; May
smoke in the NOX 0.3 tons to 0.13 tons, PM and VOCs from 2.3 tons to 2 tons from
1.4 tons to 1 ton, reduce emissions of heavy metals dissolved in water in the case of
lead (Pb) of 0. 42 kg to 0.35 kg, mercury (Hg) from 0.006 kg to 0.005 kg, cadmium (Cd)
of 0.57 kg to 0.49 kg, BOD of 7.556 kg g to 6.496 kg and dioxins from 0.0001 g to
0.00006 g. (The above results are the result of the calculation IWM software.) The
results of this study showed that life cycle assessment is a comprehensive view of the
solid waste management system from the point of view of the environment and to be
useful tools for decision makers. The results of the current status of waste
management system in the case Mahdasht and therefore, may differ from the results
of similar studies in other locations due to the different characteristics of the waste,
technology and different spatial and temporal factors.
