تاثير شمنيسم مغولان بر معماري دوره ايلخانان در ايران

Role of Mongol's Shamanism in the Il-khanid Period Architecture in Iran

پس از ورود مغولان به ايران، آنها به مرور تحت تاثير فرهنگ ايراني اسلامي شروع به آباداني نموده، در تعامل با فرهنگ ايراني مستحيل شدند. نظريه تداوم تاريخي فرهنگ ايران1 در عين اهميتش، باعث ناديده گرفتن تاثيرات اقوام بيگانه بر فرهنگ ايراني شده است. لذا قصد آن است با بررسي فرهنگ مغولان، تاثيراتي را كه به نظر مي رسد اين فرهنگ بر معماري ايراني گذاشته با روش تفسيري از طريق مطالعات كتابخانه اي و بررسي دو نمونه معماري، مورد مداقه قرار گيرد. در اين رابطه پس از بررسي آراء محققان بر اين امر كه معماري ايران در عصر ايلخانان بسيار وامدار معماري ايراني قبل از خود بوده، تاكيد شده است و تنها تاثير مغولان را مي توان در به كارگيري مقياس كلان و بي سابقه اي دانست كه ناشي از جنبه هاي آييني و نمادين فرهنگ آنها بوده و در اين نوشتار براي اولين بار به آنها اشاره شده است.

Abstract The Mongol attack to Iran in the early seventh century AH, no doubt, was one of the most terrible and destructive historical events which had many consequences in different areas. Mongols after the entry into Iran and looting and destroying many cities and buildings, during the time were slowly absorbed in Iranian culture, like the Seljuks, and began to renovation of cities and repair the ruins. This theory (historical and cultural continuity of Iran) is attractive for Iranian scholars and also has valuable position to explain the exceptional situation of Iran between Islamic Countries. But According to Hegel wild tribes after the invasion and occupation of civilized societies, at the stage of history are influenced by the culture of the conquered people but do not lose their original culture and lifestyle and Keep it in their mind and heart as background. Therefore, the above theory is interesting, but it also has objections, because it ignores the effects of foreign elements on Iranian culture, art and architecture. This article with research in historical documents, evidences and two important examples of Il-khanid period architecture in Iran aims at showing the Mongol's culture influences U as the absent element of historical and architectural research in Iran D on Iranian architecture. This case (Mongol's influences) is also absent in the historical studies about Iranian architecture in the Il-khanid period. Therefore after the explain of the historical story of the Mongol invasions and their rule in Iran with regard to the close relationship between artists and Sufism, Some religious and ritual aspects of the Mongol's culture and expansion of these aspects in Iranian's society was studied. We know there were many similar aspects between Mongol's shamanism and Iranian's sufism, therefore this similarities were a good and logical reason for expansion of sufism in the Il-khanid period in Iranian society. No doubt the expansion of sufism had a definite impact on the artists, architects, craftsmen and their art works. Because of this impact on the artists and architects of Il-khanid period, the art and architecture works of this period have a special character or quality. This special quality gives them identity which differentiate them from other art and architecture works in the past periods. By studying the features of Il-khanid period architecture and two important examples of this period buildings in Iran (Sultaniya dome in Zanjan and Alishah mosque in Tabriz) Mongol's role on the formation of these buildings was demonstrated in a symbolic perspective. At the end of this article, after reviewing the opinion of Iranian and foreign scholars in an analytical approach, we know Il-khanid architecture has been greatly indebted to Iranian past architectural traditions and the main distinction can be applying the massive and unprecedented scale in the creation of buildings. This Large-scale change in the buildings of this period is the major Mongol's influence on the Iranian architecture that can be due ritual and symbolic aspects of this aggressive people's culture which is referred to those in this paper for the first time.