بررسي چگونگي بهره گيري از زمين در ساختمان هاي بومي بر اساس پارامترهاي اقليمي (نمونه موردي: روستاهاي كندوان، دستكند ميمند و بيه پيش)

Investigating the Quality of Earth Utilization in Vernacular Buildings with an Approach to Climatic Parameters (Case Studies: Kandowan, Dastkand Meymand and Biahpish Villages)

يكي از دلايل تغييرات اقليمي و افزايش مصرف انرژي، تامين آسايش حرارتي در ساختمان ها است. از اقدامات اصولي كاهش مصرف انرژي اين بخش، اصلاح بدنه ساختمان و تدوين مقررات مي باشد. ايران كشوري است با اقليم هاي متفاوت و متنوع، به طوري كه دو منطقه هم جوار از شرايط آب و هوايي و در نتيجه معماري بومي يكساني برخوردار نيستند. در اين پژوهش با توجه به بررسي نمونه هاي معماري بومي به ضرورت بازبيني و بومي سازي مقررات ساختماني تاكيد شده است. يكي از شاخصه هاي اصلي معماري بومي نحوه برخورد ساختمان با زمين است كه در مقاله حاضر نحوه فرورفتن ساختمان در زمين و يا ارتفاع از آن در سه اقليم معتدل- مرطوب، گرم- خشك و سردكوهستاني كشور بررسي گرديد. با مقايسه نمونه ها، ارتباط اقليم هر منطقه با روش هاي مورد نظر تعيين شد. نتيجه گيري اين بحث در قالب الگوي بومي نحوه استفاده از زمين جهت سرمايش و گرمايش ارائه گرديد.

For many years, undesirable consequences resulting from urban life style have brought serious problems and difficulties for environment and human being. These effects not only have exposed animals and plants' lives to danger but also will bring an unfavorable future for next generations. Under these circumstances, sustainable architecture with trends to reconsider techniques of local and vernacular architecture which contains many creative ideas has been taken into consideration by many organizations, institutions and governments. It is necessary to define this concept precisely, specifying its main and determinant features, and experiences of various countries in this scope should be surveyed. One of the principal bases is strategies and decisions are made by states, to provide static thermal comfort in buildings which has become a major part of energy literature and sustainable development investigations over the world in recent years. One of the main solutions to increased energy consumption of buildings criteria is strategies to provide static thermal comfort in buildings. A major action in this field is developing decisions in modifying the optimum forms of every climate in building regulations. The –––aim of this research is to emphasize the urge to reform the regulations of energy consumptions in this industry towards localization. Therefore this research compares one of the most determinant reactions of vernacular architecture to the three major climate zones in Iran: the way building faces the earth. Earth has an important role in formation of architecture in every climate. In hot-desert climate building with earth brings thermal comfort benefits by using its thermal mass which provides some solutions for large fluctuations in temperature, while in humid climates heighten the building and avoidance of it from skeletal connections to earth is another answer. In this direction authors selected three case studies in major climate zones in Iran and surveyed the common techniques in each zones facing the earth. Dastkand village in the middle of Kerman province from Serni-Desert climate, Kandowan in Azerbayjan province from Cold Mountains climate and Biahpish region in the central plains of Gilan from Caspian Mild and Wet climate. There are several approaches in architecture of habitats for each region in sheltering against discomforts of nature, from locating in the heart of the earth and benefiting the basements, to escaping from the humidity of the ground and enjoyment of natural ventilation by constructing above the ground. This article draws out these ideas in order to identify the vernacular architecture techniques due to its climate approaching the factors determines the climatic characteristics of each region and reactions architecture does against these factors with focus on the building height from ground level. Each approach is analyzed according to temperature and humidity of selected zones which are the most determinant factors. Climate data is derived from Iran meteorological organization during 2010 and 2011. Analyzing climate data and evaluating each local and continental manufacturing strategy in case studies led to a pattern that shows benefits each regions take from the earth, with respect to the to the way buildings face it.