سلسله‌مراتب استخدام و استعباد در مدينه‌ (در فلسفه سياسي فارابي)

Ministering Relationship (Estekhdam) and Enslaving Relationship (Esteebad) in City according to al-Farabi’s Thoughts

فلسفه سياسي فضيلت محور، جهت تحقق سعادت فردي و جمعي، تعاطي برخي از مقولات اجتماعي را پيش فرض مي گيرد. در ميان سنت فكر فلسفي اسلامي، فارابي در منظومه فلسفه سياسي خود، علاوه بر مدينه و رياست آن به دوستي مدني، عدالت و تعاون نيز پرداخته است اين سه مقوله ارتباط تنگاتنگ با يگديگر دارند. بررسي انديشه سياسي فارابي به شيوه تحليل محتواي فلسفي نشان مي دهد كه به رغم وجود دوستي مدني در همه مدينه ها، نوع رابطه برآمده از دوستي مدني در هر يك از مدينه هاي فاضله و غيرفاضله متفاوت است. دوستي در هر مدينه اي، دوستي بر سر چيزي (يك امر محبوب) است كه در ابتدا همكاري مدني را باعث مي شود و در نهايت شكل مدينه را مشخص مي سازد. از اين نظر، پرسش پژوهش حاضر اين است كه دوستي مدني در هر يك از مدينه هاي فاضله و غيرفاضله، چه رابطه اي را براي اعضاي آن مدينه، و به ويژه بين رئيس و اعضا، ايجاب مي كند؟ با تحليل محتواي آثار فارابي به ويژه دو اثر «آراء» و «سياست» آشكار مي شود كه نوع رابطه برآمده از دوستي مدني در مدينه فاضله، رابطه «استخدام» و در مدينه هاي غيرفاضله، رابطه «استعمال يا استعباد» (عملگي و بردگي) را ايجاب مي كند. اين نوع رابطه ها پيامدهاي خاصي را براي تحقق سعادت در هر مدينه دارند.

The virtues political philosophy presupposes the coherence of categories like justice, cooperation, friendship, leadership for realizing the individual and civil happiness in the city. Among the Moslem philosophers, al-Farabi described the civil friendship, cooperation and justice. Analyzing the thoughts of al-Farabi shows despite the civil friendship exists in all various kind of cities, the relationship resulted by civil friendship is different in every specific virtuous and non-virtuous cities. The question of this paper is that "what is the relationship between civil friendship and the kind of relationship in each city in al-Farabi's thought?" Based on this question and with the method of philosophical content analysis of Farabi's political philosophy, it would be clear that civil friendship is the binding matter of members of city. Civil friendship shapes the form of cities, too. In fact, the knowledge which determines the happiness would appear in a friendly matter that shapes all civil affairs and cooperation. Accordingly, the most important finding of this paper is that depending to the excellent matter to be followed by people as the members of city, the excellent city will shaped and based on matters as like pleasure, joy, power, and so, the opponent of excellent city (or ignorant cities) will appeared. The relationship in the first is ESTEKHDAM (ministering), and in the latter is ESTEEBAD (enslaving). So, based on the civil friendship, the different kinds of excellent and non-excellent cities will shaped and each city requires the certain relations between leader and its members.