بررسي و ارزيابي پهنه ها و عناصر آسيب پذير شهر از ديدگاه پدافند غيرعامل مطالعه موردي: شهر سنندج

پدافند غيرعامل از جمله موضوعاتي است كه در طرح هاي شهري و برنامه هاي آن با مباحثي مانند مكانيابي كاربري ها و مقاوم سازي بناها در نظر گرفته شده است. اين مباحث به دنبال كاهش خسارت و افزايش توان مقاومت در شهر با رعايت اصول پدافند غيرعامل در تاسيسات حياتي، حساس، مهم و مديريتي مي باشد. شهر سنندج به عنوان مركز استان كردستانو قرار گيري مراكز مهم مديريتي و تاسيسات حياتي و مهم در اين شهر از اهميت زيادي برخودار است. لذا پژوهش حاضر به بررسي و شناخت عناصر و تاسيسات و پهنه هاي آسيب پذير شهر سنندج با رويكرد پدافند غيرعامل پرداخته است. بر اين اساس پنج معيار اصلي و يازده زير معيار بر اساس نظر كارشناسان به عنوان عناصر و پهنه هاي مهم شهر سنندج فهرست بندي شده است. براي امتياز دهي به اين معيارهاي از 14 كارشناس به روش تحليل سلسله مراتبي (AHP) و جهت تحليل آن از نرم افزار Expert Choice استفاده شده است. بيشترين ميزان آسيب پذيري به ترتيب مربوط به معيار شريان حياتي با امتياز 623/0، مراكز مديريت بحران با امتياز 300/0 و كمترين ميزان آسيب پذيري مربوط به معيار مراكز پشتيباني با 029/0 مي باشد. اين امتيازها با استفاده از نرم افزار Arc Map درون يابي شده و مناطق آسيب پذير مشخص شده است. سپس براي بررسي كاهش آسيب پذيري شهر با استفاده از مدل SWOT اقدام به تدوين راهبردها و جهت اولويت بندي آنها از مدل QSPM استفاد شده است. نتايج پژوهش گوياي آن است كه منطقه پنج شهرداري سنندج به دليل داشتن تاسيسات حياتي و حساس و مهم و عدم رعايت اصول پدافند غيرعامل، به ويژه در مكانيابي و استتار و اختفاء به عنوان پهنه آسيب پذير شهر شناخته شده است. در نهايت مي توان بيان كرد كه شهر سنندج از نظر اصول پدافند غيرعامل داراي نقاط ضعف مي باشد. بر اساس مدل هاي بكار رفته، موقعيت شهر رقابتي است كه در اين زمينه راهبردهاي مناسب با موقعيت رقابتي ارائه شده است.

The natural situation, way of dispersion of uses, position of placement of infrastructures and urban installations and equipment are assumed as safety considerations in analysis of topography and security planning and passive defensive of city. Therefore, it is necessary to employ defensive and security approaches in designs of urban development where this indicates both a link between performances of activities on the one hand and defensive arrangements on the other hand. Fortification of urban defensive installations, anticipation of escape exits from risk, and improvement of the status of services which require during period of defense will be assumed as the foremost objectives in urban survey respectively as the probability in threatening number of population and wealth sources in any city. As the capital of Kurdistan province and placement of important administrative centers and the vital and significant installations, Sanandaj city is crucially important. In addition, due to position of this city close to Iraq and the same language spoken in Iraqi climate of Kurdistan and recently presence of Israeli agents in this region, Sanandaj may be subject to political and military threats. With respect to the experiences of recent wars, especially USA attack to Iraq, the critical and vital points of this city have been recognized as centroids of city if damaged they can lead to surrendering of city. Therefore it is necessary for paying attention to topology (positioning) of urban installations equipment with respect to passive defense approach to reduce such damages. Materials & Methods The methodology of this study is of descriptive- analytical type. In this regard, the authors have determined vulnerable points of this city in order to recognize the vulnerable elements and extents of this city by passive defense approach. Accordingly, a list of vulnerable elements of city has been prepared using comments from 14 experts and these elements have been scored by means of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Initially data have been prepared as vulnerability maps based on any element in Arc Map software environment. Then weighting of elements have been done by AHP technique and binary comparison of them Expert Choice environment to solve AHP model. The order preference of parameters will be determined to each other. The standardization (fuzzification) method has been adapted to determine range of city vulnerability based on scores. With respect to the conducted analyses on each of urban elements, the rate of vulnerability of Sanandaj city has been specified at five vulnerability levels i.e. very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Then SWOT model was employed for identifying and reducing vulnerability elements in Sanandaj city and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) model for order-preference of strategies. Results & Discussion The highest score belongs to vital arteries (0.623). This criterion is divided into four following sub criteria in which reservoir and water treatment unit possess the highest scores. This is because of placement of this important infrastructure at the entry of this city and beside other critical uses. Afterwards, crisis management centers are placed at second rank of vulnerability with score of 0.300. One of the reasons for concentration of offices at the central point of city and inappropriate access of medical centers to communication network is related to pending position of city hill to hospital. The crisis management centers includes two sub criteria of important offices and hospital and medical centers among of which hospital and medical centers have been more vulnerable. After them, urban equipment and military and disciplinary centers, and supporting centers have higher vulnerability respectively. In terms of vulnerability rate, some of layers are overlapped to specify the most vulnerable parts in this city. The municipal region no five and lesser part of regions nos. three and four are vulnerable. Due to placement of some centers with high- vulnerability in these zones, it is necessary to pay attention to passive defense principles out of which topology is one of subsystems of them. Conclusion With respect to implementation of scores from AHP model on maps of the studied zone, Sanandaj municipal region no 5 has been known as the most vulnerable part of Sanandaj city because of placement in vital arteries and other important urban centers. Topology of vital and significant installations has not favorably followed passive defense approach. Thus with respect to the derived information from the existing documents and evidences, the conducted field visits and analyses on the given centers represented that the principles of passive defense have not been observed in these installations and equipment. These centers have been located beside important and critical equipment in centralized form and they have not been dispersed. This might increase the risk of air and land attacks for these installations. Similarly, duly efforts have not been made for camouflage and hiding these centers. What is clear so far is that the subject of passive defense has not been yet addressed in urban designs prepared for the positions in Sanandaj city.