بررسي تطبيقي شرط عدم تمكين درنكاح دايم برمبناي فقه اسلامي با رويكردي بر نظر امام خميني(س)

Comparative Study of Wife’s Condition in Marriage Contract for Avoiding Resignation With Her Husband’s Demand for Intercourse With Special Reference to Imam Khomeini’s Viewpoint

زناشويي پيوند مقدسي است كه در فرآيند عقد نكاح عينيت مي‌يابد و حقوقي بر آن مترتب مي‌شود؛ از آنجاكه با دين و اخلاق پيوند دارد، با تغييرديدگاه‌ها، پيرامون انسان و كرامات ذاتي او نمي‌توان تنها آن را يك قالب ساده براي آسودگي تن دانست. بنابراين درج هر شرط جايزي در ضمن عقد نكاح بلامانع است و از اين رو فقيهان در اين باره كه، آيا زوجه مي‌تواند در ضمن عقد نكاح دايم عدم تمكين را شرط كند يا خير؟پاسخ‌هاي متفاوتي بيان نموده‌اند: دسته‌اي از فقها، چنين شرطي را جايز مي‌دانند و برخي ديگر، هرگونه شرط خلاف تمكين را نامشروع تلقي مي‌كنند. اين اختلاف آرا ناشي از برداشت‌هاي متعدد از مقتضاي عقد نكاح و وابستگي آن به تمكين است. به نظر مي‌رسد، تمكين، مقتضاي ذات عقد نكاح نيست؛ بلكه مقتضاي اطلاق عقد است. اين نوشتار، درصدد است با توجه به سكوت قانونگذار در اين زمينه نظر امام خميني، آراي فقهي مذاهب اسلامي‌ و ديدگاه حقوقدانان را ارزيابي نموده و با تبيين ادله ايشان با تكيه بر دلايل وارده در كتاب و سنت، صحت نكاح معذورالوطي، قابليت اسقاط حق تمكين توسط زوج و... با عنايت به متغيرهاي زماني و دخالت تيوري زمان و مكان در اجتهاد و بر مبناي اهميت و لحاظ برخي مصالح عقلايي، با توافق زوجين، اعتبار شرط مذكور نتيجه‌گيري شود.

Marriage is a sacred bound that is materialized through marriage contract and entails some rights. Since marriage is related to religion and ethic, with the change in viewpoints about human beings and their essential dignity, marriage cannot be merely considered a simple framework for body relief. Hence, it is permissible to incorporate any lawful condition in the marriage contract on mutual consent of the would-be spouses. Therefore, there are different viewpoints by jurisprudents about the following issue: Can the would-be wife give her consent to marriage on the condition of refrainment from sexual resignation to her would-be husband (which is called lack of tamkin)? The Arabic word tamkin in jurisprudence refers to the canonically obligatory sexual resignation of woman to her husband (except during menstruation, pilgrimage to Holy Mecca, illness of wife or husband or any particular condition of either or of the physical environment in a given Muslim society that reasonably disallows intercourse). Some jurisprudents maintain that incorporation of this condition in marriage contract is lawful, while others argue that any condition violating sexual resignation of wife with her husband’s demand for intercourse is unlawful. These differences of opinion stem from various understandings of requirements of marriage contract and its dependence on wife’s resignation with husband’s demand for intercourse. It seems that tamkin is not a requirement of the essence of marriage contract, but the requirement of relaxation of contract. Given the fact that the lawgiver is silent in this regard, attempts have been made in the present paper to assess the jurisprudential viewpoints of Islamic schools of thought and those of lawyers and also study this condition based on Imam Khomeini’s approach and explanation of his reasons as well as relying on reasons given in the Book and Tradition. The marriage contract can be relaxed if wife avoids to allow penal insertion by her husband without any excuse. In the light of temporal variables and intervention of the notion of time and space in ijtihad (individual inference) as well as based on rational exigencies, this paper argues that the husband’s right regarding wife’ resignation with sexual intercourse is withdrawn if the two parties to marriage agree in their marriage contract to this effect.