اثرات احداث سدهاي بزرگ بر شرايط جريان و پارامترهاي هيدروليكي رودخانه (مطالعه موردي: رودخانه كرخه پايين دست سد مخزني)

Large Dam Effects on Flow Regime and Hydraulic Parameters of river (Case study: Karkheh River, Downstream of Reservoir Dam)

با توجه به اهمیت رودخانه¬ها در تأمین آب، شناخت شرایط جریان و رژیم هیدرولیكی آن¬ها از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار است. سازه¬های هیدرولیكی تأثیرات گسترده¬ای بر شرایط هیدرولیكی رودخانه در پایین دست خود دارند. سدهای مخزنی به عنوان مهم¬ترین سازه¬های هیدرولیكی ساخته شده بر روی رودخانه¬ها، تغییرات مضاعفی بر شرایط رژیم جریان در پایین¬دست می¬گذارند. حوضه آبریز كرخه یكی از مهمترین حوضه¬های كشور و رودخانه كرخه سومین رود بزرگ ایران است. سد مخزنی كرخه به عنوان بزرگ¬ترین سد ایران و خاورمیانه، پایین¬دست رودخانه كرخه را تحت تأثیر خود قرار داده است. در این پژوهش ارزیابی دقیقی بر تغییر رژیم جریان رودخانه از حالت طبیعی به تنظیمی انجام شده است. بازه مورد مطالعه در پایین¬دست سد مخزنی كرخه واقع شده است. همچنین از اطلاعات دو ایستگاه آب¬سنجی پای پل و عبدالخان استفاده شد. مدل HEC-RAS برای شبیه¬سازی شرایط جریان قبل و بعد از احداث سد به كار رفت. آبدهی متوسط ماهانه، سالیانه، دبی حداكثر لحظه¬ای، پروفیل سطح آب و كلیه پارامترهای هیدرولیكی رودخانه كرخه در این بازه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. با توجه به احداث سد مخزنی كرخه، تغییرات اقلیمی و كاهش بارندگی در سطح حوضه آبریز كرخه و پی¬آمد آن خشكسالی¬های اخیر تغییرات گسترده¬ای در شرایط رژیم جریان رودخانه كرخه و پارامترهای هیدرولیكی آن به وجود آمده است. به طور مثال می¬توان گفت كه در این پژوهش درصد مقادیر تغییر پارامترهای هیدرولیكی در مقاطع عرضی مختلف رودخانه كرخه به ازای دبی¬های مشخصه حداقل، متوسط و حداكثر قبل و بعد از ساخت سد محاسبه گردیده است كه نشان¬دهنده¬ی كاهش چشمگیر آن¬ پارامترها در اثر احداث سد می¬باشد. به طور نمونه در مورد شعاع هیدرولیكی به عنوان یكی از مهم¬ترین پارامترهای هیدرولیكی رودخانه می¬توان بیان نمود كه درصد میزان كاهش این پارامتر نسبت به شرایط قبل از ساخت سد به ازای دبی¬های مشخصه حداقل، متوسط و حداكثر به ترتیب 33 درصد، 28 درصد و 59 درصد كاهش را نشان می¬دهد.

Introduction: The critical role of the rivers in supplying water for various needs of life has led to engineering identification of the hydraulic regime and flow condition of the rivers. Hydraulic structures such dams have inevitable effects on their downstream that should be well investigated. The reservoir dams are the most important hydraulic structures which are the cause of great changes in river flow conditions. Materials and Methods: In this research, an accurate assessment was performed to study the flow regime of Karkheh river at downstream of Karkheh Reservoir Dam as the largest dam in Middle East. Karkheh River is the third waterful river of Iran after Karun and Dez and the third longest river after the Karun and Sefidrud. The Karkheh Dam is a large reservoir dam built in Iran on the Karkheh River in 2000. The Karkheh Reservoir Dam is on the Karkheh River in the Northwestern Khouzestan Province, the closest city being Andimeshk to the east. The part of Karkheh River, which was studied in this research is located at downstream of Karkheh Reservoir Dam. This interval is approximately 94 km, which is located between PayePol and Abdolkhan hydrometric stations. In this research, 138 cross sections were used along Karkheh River. Distance of cross sections from each other was 680m in average. The efficient model of HEC-RAS has been utilized to simulate the Karkheh flow conditions before and after the reservoir dam construction using of hydrometric stations data included annually and monthly mean discharges, instantaneous maximum discharges, water surface profiles and etc. Three defined discharges had been chosen to simulate the Karkheh River flow; maximum defined discharge, mean defined discharge and minimum defined discharge. For each of these discharges values, HEC-RAS model was implemented as a steady flow of the Karkheh River at river reach of study. Water surface profiles of flow, hydraulic parameters and other results of flow regime in HEC-RAS model were obtained for the conditions before and after the construction of the Karkheh Reservoir Dam and then it was reviewed and analyzed. Results and Discussion: By exploiting the Karkheh Reservoir Dam, the river flow was changed from the natural condition to the regulatory situation. The results indicate that the river flow was considerably declined because the regulatory effect of the reservoir dam which has contributed to the great alternations at hydraulic parameters of the river. For example, the mean annual discharge of the Karkheh River shows 44pecent reduction during the time period of simulating (after the dam construction in comparison with the natural river flow before construction of reservoir dam) in PayePol hydrometric station. Flow velocity of Karkheh River is influenced by discharge, slope of the river channel and geometry of cross section. By increasing the river flow, the flow velocity has increased and there is a significant difference between pre and post-dam condition at the mean velocity of river flow in different sections. The flow area is directly influenced by river discharge and there is a significant difference in the maximum defined discharge before and after dam construction. The width of water surface is a parameter of the geometric situation of the river cross section that also shows the maximum width of the cross sections, passing discharge through the desired cross section. Since Karkheh River has a relatively large water surface width, it has a high wetted perimeter. For this reason, the Karkheh river hydraulic radius is usually low. The significant reduction of all these quantities is for reduction of flow rate by construction of Karkheh Reservoir Dam. Studying the water surface profiles represents reduction of water level in the longitudinal profile of Karkheh River and water level of hydrometric stations by construction of the Karkheh Reservoir Dam. Also, due to the reduction of the discharge in the downstream of Karkheh Dam, all hydraulic parameters of the river such as flow velocity, flow area, width of surface water, hydraulic depth, shear stress and the hydraulic radius have been changed. In general, it can be concluded that the construction of a large dam such as Karkheh Reservoir Dam has a significant effects on the flow regime conditions at river downstream. Our survey would be helpful for environmental, geological and ecological experiments on effects of dam construction and for engineering next hydraulic structures on such rivers.