تاملي در عرفان فلسفي قونوي‌

A Study of Qunawi’s Philosophical Gnosis

مفتاح‌الغيب‌ ‌صدرالدين قونوي، بعنوان اولين اثر در علم عرفان نظري، مباني عرفان نظري يا فلسفي را بنيان نهاد زيرا ابن عربي كه به پدر عرفان نظري اسلامي مشهور است، فرصت اين مهم را نيافت و لذا قونوي بود كه مبادرت به اين امر ورزيد. قونوي در كنار حكمت مشا و حكمت اشراق، مكتبي را پايه‌گذاري كرد كه ميتوان آن را عرفان فلسفي خواند. وي با تمام بدبينيش به عقل نظري، اذعان ميكند كه كشف و ذوق با عقل نظري در همه مراحل موافق است زيرا تناقضي در حجت عقل نظري نميبيند اما ادراك اين حجت را از تصور بشري محجوب ميداند. تلاش قونوي آنست تا ميان قواعد كشفي عرفا و نظريات حكما، انسي حاصل كند. او در بسياري از مواضع خود، از اشارات‌ ‌ابن سينا و بويژه شرح خواجه نصيرالدين طوسي بر آن بهره ميبرد، بگونه‌يي كه ميتوان زبان فلسفي مورد استفاده قونوي را حكمت مشا ، خصوصاً اشارات‌ ‌ابن سينا قلمداد كرد كه در فلسفي كردن عرفان قونوي، سهم بسزايي دارد.

Sadr al-Din Qunawi’s Miftah al-ghayb, as the first book on theoretical gnosis, provided the basis for theoretical or philosophical gnosis. This is because Ibn Arabi, who is known as the father of Islamic theoretical gnosis, did not have enough time for doing so, thus it was Qunawi who accomplished this task. Alongside the Peripatetic and Illuminationist schools of philosophy, Qunawi founded a school that can be called philosophical gnosis. In spite of his pessimistic view of theoretical intellect, Qunawi acknowledged that unveiling and gnostic taste agree with the theoretical intellect at all stages because they find no contradiction in the proofs of this kind of intellect. Nevertheless, he believes that the perception of such proofs is beyond the capabilities of human imagination. Qunawi tried to reconcile gnostics’ principles of unveiling and philosophical theories. In developing many of his views, he benefitted from Ibn Sina’s al-Isharat and, particularly, Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi’s commentary on this book. As a result, one can equate the philosophical language used by Qunawi with that used in the Peripatetic philosophy, particularly with the language employed in Ibn Sina’s al-Isharat, which plays a significant role in granting a philosophical nature to Qunawi’s gnosis.