بررسي برهمكنش اكوتيپ و تاريخ كاشت در زيره سبز (Cuminum cyminum L.) با استفاده از روش هاي مختلف پايداري تك متغيره

Study of Ecotype and Sowing Date Interaction in Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) using Different Univariate Stability Parameters

به منظور ارزیابی پایداری و سازگاری اكوتیپ های مختلف زیره سبز بر مبنای اثر متقابل اكوتیپ و تاریخ كاشت، اكوتیپ های مختلف زیره سبز شامل سمنان، فارس، یزد، گلستان، خراسان رضوی، خراسان شمالی، خراسان جنوبی، اصفهان و كرمان در پنج تاریخ كاشت مختلف (5 دی، 20 دی، 5 بهمن، 20 بهمن و 5 اسفند) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. آزمایش در سال زراعی 91-1390 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشكده كشاورزی دانشگاه شهید باهنر كرمان اجرا شد و در پایان فصل رشد عملكرد دانه اندازه گیری گردید. تجزیه واریانس مركب حاكی از تفاوت معنی دار بین تاریخ های كاشت، اكوتیپ ها و اثر متقابل اكوتیپ در تاریخ كاشت بود. بیش از 46 درصد از تغییرات در عملكرد دانه به اثر متقابل اكوتیپ در تاریخ كاشت اختصاص یافت؛ براین اساس بررسی پایداری و سازگاری بر اساس روش های ناپارامتری، رگرسیون ابرهارت و راسل و پارامترهای تك‌متغیره انجام شد. براساس روش های ناپارامتری (میانگین رتبه (R)، انحراف معیار رتبه (SDR) و نسبت شاخص عملكرد (YIR)) اكوتیپ های كرمان و خراسان شمالی به عنوان اكوتیپ های پایدار و بر مبنای پارامترهای واریانس محیطی (S2i) و ضریب تنوع ژنوتیپی (CVi) اكوتیپ های خراسان رضوی و سمنان پایدار و اكوتیپ های كرمان و یزد ناپایدار شناخته شدند. براساس نتایج حاصل از روش ابرهارت و راسل و پارامترهای اكووالانس ریك و واریانس پایداری شوكلا، اكوتیپ های اصفهان و گلستان به عنوان اكوتیپ با پایداری عمومی متوسط، كرمان اكوتیپی با سازگاری خصوصی با تاریخ كاشت پنجم اسفندماه (محیط مساعد)، سمنان سازگار خصوصی با تاریخ كاشت پنجم دی ماه (محیط نامساعد) و خراسان شمالی حساس ترین اكوتیپ نسبت به تغییر در شرایط محیطی معرفی می شوند.

<strong > Introduction </strong > Cumin is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran and today, it is in the second level of popularity between spices in the world after black pepper. Cumin is an aromatic plant used as flavoring and seasoning agent in foods. Cumin seeds have been found to possess significant biological and have been used for treatment of toothache, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, epilepsy and jaundice. Knowledge of GEI is advantageous to have a cultivar that gives consistently high yield in a broad range of environments and to increase efficiency of breeding program and selection of best genotypes. A genotype that has stable trait expression across environments contributes little to GEI and its performance should be more predictable from the main several statistical methods have been proposed for stability analysis, with the aim of explaining the information contained in the GEI. Regression technique was proposed by Finlay and Wilkinson (1963) and was improved by Eberhart and Russell (1966). Generally, genotype stability was estimated by the slope of and deviation from the regression line for each of the genotypes. This is a popular method in stability analysis and has been applied in many crops. Non-parametric methods (rank mean (R), standard deviation rank (SDR) and yield index ratio (YIR)), environmental variance (S2i) and genotypic variation coefficient (CVi) Wricke 's ecovalence and Shukla 's stability variance (Shukla, 1972) have been used to determine genotype-by-environment interaction in many studies. This study was aimed to evaluate the ecotype × sowing date interaction in cumin and to evaluation of genotypic response of cumin to different sowing dates using univariate stability parameters. <strong > Materials and Methods </strong > In order to study of ecotype × sowing date interaction, different cumin ecotypes: Semnan, Fars, Yazd, Golestan, Khorasan-Razavi, Khorasan-Shomali, Khorasan-Jonoubi, Isfahan and Kerman in 5 different sowing dates (26th December, 10th January, 25th January, 9th February and 24th February) were studied. The experiment was conducted during growing season of 2011-2012 in Agricultural Research field of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran; and grain yield was measured in the end of the growing season. Combined ANOVA, Bartlett test and mean comparison (Duncan 's multiple range test) was performed using SAS 9.1 software. Considering the significant interaction between ecotypes and sowing dates, non-parametric methods (rank mean (R), standard deviation rank (SDR) and yield index ratio (YIR)), and different methods of univariate stability parameters include: environmental variance (S2i), genotypic variation coefficient (CVi), Wricke 's ecovalence, Shukla 's stability variance, and Regression technique (Eberhart and Russell parameters) was applied to study Ecotype × Sowing date interaction. Calculation of different stability parameters were done by S116 and Excel softwares. In order to investigate the relationship between stability statistics, the Spearman 's rank correlation coefficient was calculated by using SPSS 17.0 software. <strong > Results and Discussion </strong > Combined ANOVA revealed that significant differences among sowing dates, ecotypes and ecotype by sowing date interaction. More than 46 percent of variation in yield was devoted to the ecotype by sowing date interaction; on this basis, stability and adaptability studies were performed based on non-parametric methods, Eberhart and Russell regression method and univariate parameters. Based on non-parametric methods (rank mean (R), standard deviation rank (SDR) and yield index ratio (YIR)) Kerman and Khorasan-Shomali were identified as stable ecotypes, and based on environmental variance (S2i) and genotypic variation coefficient (CVi) parameters Khorasan-Razavi and Semnan ecotypes were diagnosed as stable while Kerman and Yazd ecotypes were categorized as unstable ecotypes. According to the results from Eberhart and Russell, Wricke 's ecovalence and Shukla 's stability variance parameters Isfahan and Golestan ecotypes were categorized as relatively stable ecotypes. Kerman ecotype showed specific adaptability to 24th February sowing date (favorable environment) while Semnan had specific adaptability reaction to 26th December sowing date (unfavorable environment). Khorasan-Shomali showed highest sensitivity reaction to different environments (sowing dates). According to the Spearman correlation the regression coefficient (bi) showed moderate correlation coefficient with Wi and σ2i statistics (rs = 0.567) and with other statistics in this study showed little correlation. Similar results in the study of Becker and Leon (1988) have been reported. Correlation between the deviation from regression (S2di) with Wi, σ2i, S2i and CVi statistics was positive and significant at 5% probability level. YIR and R statistics showed negative rank correlation and coefficient of determination (ri2) and SDR don’t show any significant correlation coefficient with other parametric statistics. Therefore, in this study, the results of these statistics did not match with parametric methods to introduce stable ecotypes. <strong > Conclusions </strong > Isfahan and Golestan ecotypes were categorized as relatively stable ecotypes. Kerman and Semnan ecotype showed specific adaptability reaction to 24th February sowing date (favorable environment) and 26th December sowing date (unfavorable environment) respectively. Khorasan-Shomali showed highest sensitivity reaction to different sowing dates.