جايگاه و شأن اجتماعي معمار (مهندس) در دوران ايلخاني و تيموري

The Architect’s Social Standing in the Ilkhanid and the Timurid Eras

يكي از موضوعات مهم در حوزه تاريخ‌نگاري معماري ايران كه از اقبال و توجه كمتري براي پژوهش برخوردار بوده است، جايگاه اجتماعي معماران و مهندسان در برهه‌هاي مختلف تاريخ است. مطالعه و جست‌وجوي پاسخي براي اين پرسش كه در حلقه ساخت‌وساز يك اثر معماري كه عوامل ذي‌نفع و ذي‌نفوذ زيادي در آن دخيل است، نقش معمار و باني و حامي در آن تا چه حد بوده است در تدوين و نوشتن تاريخ معماري ايران مي‌تواند ابعاد نو و كمتر ديده شده‌اي را براي پژوهشگران اين حوزه به همراه داشته باشد. اين مقاله قصد دارد تا با بررسي جايگاه اجتماعي معماران و صنف ايشان و طبقه‌هاي حامي و باني معماري در دو دوره ايلخاني و تيموري، به نقش و جايگاه هر يك از مؤلفه‌هاي معمار و باني و حامي در مسير آثار معماري بپردازد. نتايج حاصل از اين تحقيق از وجود چهار گروه معمار با مراتب متفاوت اجتماعي و به تبع آن اختيارات متفاوت در اجراي بناها حكايت دارد و همچنين طيف گسترده‌اي از حاميان و بانيان خاص و عام، از جمله ديوان‌هاي دولتي تا طبقات اشرف، لشكري و سادات و شيوخ را براي اين دوران نشان مي‌دهد. اين مقاله از گونه پژوهش‌هاي تاريخي است كه با شيوه مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي به بررسي و تحليل و استخراج اطلاعات متون مي‌پردازد.

One of the issues that have been sorely neglected in the historiography of Islamic architecture of Iran is the architects’ social standing and their role in the construction of architectural monuments. Due to the poor attention paid to the constructional complexities of the process of construction of a work, the works published on Islamic architecture of Iran have failed to reflect all hidden and explicit aspects of this phenomenon. In fact, the negligence regarding the study of buildings, which is the last stage of construction process has caused a number of striking inattentions towards many other relevant and influential issues. Thus, the following questions are raised by the researcher of the history of architecture regarding the historical monument that is the ultimate product of an architectural construction: Which factors and elements have been involved in the construction of the monument? What were the roles of the architect, patrons and erectors? How much freedom does architect had to make decisions for construction affairs? Who were the patrons and erectors of the construction of monuments and what were their responsibilities? All these questions are intended to determine the level of the role and influence of aforementioned factors in an architectural work. According to a number of historical documents, in the Timurid and the Ilkhanid eras the architects and engineers were from the middle class of the society and their profession was considered one of the low level occupations. We can distinguish between four types of architects and engineers who were active in these eras. Every group was in charge of certain affairs: (1) royal architects who performed the orders issued by the court and the governors; (2) guild architects, these architects were active in their hometown and offered services for their fellow citizens; (3) migrant who had emigrated to the capital from other cities (the movement of architects between different areas of the Islamic world); and (4) others, which this group consisted of those who pursued architecture as a secondary work and had other vocations like Quranic sciences or calligraphy or astronomy‚ but they were also working as an architect. The patrons of architecture were from various social classes. The patrons and erectors could be from monarchical and influential families who were affiliated with the progeny of the Prophet Muhammad. They even had affiliations with such mystical initiations as Naqshbandi. These patrons and erectors had various degrees of influence depending on their social and historical context. This paper seeks to cast light on the dark sides and corners of the history of Islamic architecture in Iran through a study of the architecture and its related circles in the Ilkhanid and the Timurid eras. This research seeks to review the features of Islamic architecture of Iran with the hope to take a small step in the direction of this field. First of all‚ we will discuss the types of architects who were active in this historical era, and then we will turn to the role of patrons and erectors.