جايگاه روش هاي نوين كيفر سالب حيات در نظام كيفري ايران

The Status of Modern Methods of Executing Capital Punishments under Iranian law

ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻧﻬﻀﺖ اﻟﻐﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮ ﻣﺮگ، ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻻﯾﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪي ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﮐﯿﻔﺮ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ در ﭼﻨﺪ دﻫﻪ اﺧﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ از ﻃﺮف ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاران ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻣﺮگ ﺑﺮآن ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد، ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻦ از درد و رﻧﺞ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﺟﺮاي اﻋﺪام اﺳﺖ؛ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ در آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﺴﯿﺘﻪ (1888) ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي روش ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ دار آوﯾﺨﺘﻦ، ﻧﻤﻮد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﭘﺲ از آن، آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﺗﺎق ﮔﺎز (1924) و ﺗﺰرﯾﻖ داروﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﮔﺒﺎر(1977) را ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ؛ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ واﮐﻨﺸﯽ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻧﺎﮐﺎرآﻣﺪي روش ﻫﺎي ﻗﺒﻞ وﺗﻼﺷﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻼﯾﻢ ﺗﺮ ﮐﺮدن اﺟﺮاي ﮐﯿﻔﺮ ﻣﺮگ در آن ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ؛ روش ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻧﯿﺰ در ﺣﺎل ورود ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي داراي ﮐﯿﻔﺮ ﻣﺮگ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. در ﺣﻘﻮق ﮐﯿﻔﺮي اﯾﺮان ﻧﯿﺰ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ در ﺧﺼﻮص اﻣﮑﺎن ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ روش ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ اﻋﺪام ﺑﺎ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﻣﺪرن، دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد؛ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر در ادﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﻋﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺣﯿﺎت ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ و ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ در اﯾﻦ روﺷﻬﺎ را رد ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﻣﺪرن ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ دارﻧﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮي ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮرد اﻗﺒﺎل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬار ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﮑﺎرﮔﯿﺮي روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪرن در ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺣﯿﺎت اﺳﺖ.

Despite the movement for abolishing capital punishment, several countries have been bound to these punishments. In recent decades, however, the way how to reduce the agony resulting from execution of capital penalty has been the center of focus with criminal policymakers these countries; an issue which led the legislator of the United States to substitute hanging by death by electrocution (1888). Subsequently, gas chamber(1924) and death by lethal injection(1977) were enacted which were a response to the ineffectiveness of the preceding methods and a measure to soften death penalty in the United States; the methods which are gradually penetrating in the countries with capital punishment. Under Iranian penal system, there are different points of view from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence; some argue that outdated methods are fixed and oppose any change or substitution thereof, while others emphasize on the replacement of these methods by modern ones. That being said, these modern methods of capital punishment have been accepted under Iranian law and the legislator has ratified them.