كليدواژه :
چارواكه , اپيكوري , اصل لذّت , ماترياليسم , غايت زندگي
چكيده فارسي :
بنابر لذت گرايي، شادي خير نهايي است و ناخشنودي شر غايي. ماده گرايان كه عموما به اصالت لذت قائلند، در فرهنگ هاي انساني نمودهاي متنوعي داشته اند. در فرهنگ هندويي نيز مكتب كاملا متمايزي به نام چارواكه (لوكاياتا) وجود دارد كه با مشرب فكري ماترياليستي، لذت را تنها معنا و غايت حيات مي داند. فلسفه اپيكوري در فرهنگ يوناني از نظر هستي شناسي و معرفت شناسي شبيه ترين مكتب فكري به فلسفه چارواكه است. با مقايسه اصل لذت از منظر اين دو فلسفه روشن مي شود كه آنها هر دو، چون تنها به اعتبار و وجود ماده و صورت هاي آن قائلند و هستي انسان را منحصرا بر مبناي بعد مادي او تبيين كرده اند و همچنين هر گونه هستي پس از مرگ را انكار مي كنند، بنابراين نتيجه مي گيرند كه، پس بايد شاد بود و از لذات زندگي بهره كامل برد. با وجود اين، بين آنها افتراقاتي نيز وجود دارد. اپيكورويان به ويژه با فلاسفه افراطي چارواكه اي ها در معنا و انواع لذت اختلاف تام دارند، همچنين اپيكوري ها بر خلاف فلاسفه چارواكه كه لذات جسماني و معتبر مي دانند، شادي و لذت برتر را بيشتر به معناي فقدان الم در نظر مي گيرند؛ در حالي كه، هدف چارواكه اي ها، تعميق و گسترش دامنه لذت است، هدف اپيكوري ها، تقليل حد الامكان درد است.
چكيده لاتين :
Hedonism as an idea is a theory, according to which happiness is ultimate
good and unhappiness is the ultimate evil. Materialist schools of thought,
which generally believe in hedonism, have various expressions in different
human cultures. Hindu culture is no exception, because there is a distinctive
school of philosophy in this culture, called Charvaka, which considers
pleasure as the only meaning and aim of life, due to having materialistic
school of thought. Epicurean philosophy in Greece is the closest school to
Charvaka. These two philosophies formed schools with a hedonistic nature,
which could attract many people over centuries in spite of their many enemies
and great oppositions. A comparative study of hedonism in these two
philosophies through available library resources shows that both of them
believe man should be happy and enjoy life completely, because they
apparently believe only in the validity and existence of material world, explain
man's existence on the basis of his material dimension, and reject any kind of
existence afterlife. There are, however, some differences between these two
philosophies. Epicureans are completely different with a particular sect of
Charvakans in terms of their view about the meaning and kinds of pleasure.
Furthermore, Epicureans regard higher happiness and pleasure more as the
absence of pain, unlike the followers of Charvaka who regard physical
pleasures as the only valid ones. The main aim of Charvakans is to deepen
and extend the scope of pleasure, whereas Epicureans seek to reduce the pain
as much as possible.
