الگوي سياست خارجي ايران از مشروطه تا برآمدن رضاشاه

? چكيده ايران از مشروطه تا برآمدن رضاشاه دستخوش آشفتگي بود و جنگ جهاني اول نيز آشفتگي سياسي را تشديد كرد. آيا در سال‌هاي مشروطه تا برآمدن رضاشاه ايرانيان داراي الگويي در سياست خارجي بودند؟ در دوره قاجاريه با وجود اينكه قدرت‌هاي بزرگ در حال افزايش توان اقتصادي، نظامي و نيز طراحي دنياي جديد بودند، اما ايران در زير بار سنگين سنت كهن امكان قدم گذاشتن به دوره جديد را نداشت. پس از كشته شدن ناصرالدين شاه و پيدايش افكار جديد، ايرانيان پوسته حكومت‌ مداري كهن را شكافتند و اهداف جديدي در سياست خارجي دنبال كردند. برخي از اقدامات اصلاحي جهت پيگيري منافع ملي در محيط بين‌الملل پيش از انقلاب مشروطه ايجاد شده بود، اما ايران هميشه در وضعيت داخلي با شرايط استبدادي و اوضاع نابسامان اقتصادي - نظامي در برابر روس و انگليس تسليم محض بود، به گونه‌اي كه بسياري از قلمروي سرزميني‌اش را از دست داد. انقلاب مشروطه موجب شد كه افكار نهادگرا و قانونمند رويه‌اي اجرايي پيدا كنند و در اين بستر سياست استقلال‌گرايانه براي فرار از تبعات منفي خواسته‌هاي روس و انگليس در كشور شكل گرفت. اين نوشتار به الگوي سياست خارجي ايران بين سال‌هاي 1304-1285 ش. از انقلاب مشروطه تا روي كار آمدن سلسله پهلوي مي-پردازد. بدين منظور با بررسي شرايط داخلي و خارجي مي‌كوشد كه به سبكي روشمند جريان‌ها و تحولات داخلي و خارجي را كه منجر به اتخاذ الگوي بي‌طرفي گرديد، مورد واكاوي قرار ‌دهد.

Iran underwent political and social crisis from the constitutional revolution to the rise of Reza Shah. The crisis was aggravated when the World War I broke out. Did Iran have a pattern in foreign policy within the period between the constitutional revolution and the rise of Reza Shah? In Qajar time, while the world powers were strengthening their military and economic capacities and developing policies in the new world, Iran was so under the heavy burden of old traditions that did not have the power to step in to the new world. As Naser ul-din Shan was killed and modern ways of thinking emerged, Iranians broke the skin of age-old governance structure and followed novel goals in foreign policy. This paper gives an overview of Iran’s foreign policy between the years 1906 to 1925 which is from the constitutional revolution until the time when Pahlavi Dynasty took power. Before the constitutional revolution, some measures had been conducted to safeguard national interests at international arena; however, Iran had always experienced autocracy and poor economic and military situations. This had made the country to be so submitted to Russia and Britain that it cost it the loss of a major part of the territory and ultimate humiliation. The constitutional revolution prepared the ground for institutional and law-abiding thoughts becoming practical. In this connection, a policy of independence was developed in order to escape the adverse consequences of succumbing to the demands of Russia and Britain. The present paper studies the internal and external conditions of Iran from the time of constitutional revolution to the rise of Reza Shah and will methodologically explore the trends and internal and external developments that led Iran to maintain neutrality in the war.