اثر روش خاك ورزي و كوددهي بر خصوصيات كمي و كيفي گياه دارويي هميشه بهار (.Calendula officinalis L)

(.Effect of Tillage Systems and Fertilizer on Quality and Quantity of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L

مديريت عناصر خاك با استفاده از كود هاي آلي و روش خاك ورزي از اركان كشاورزي پايدار محسوب مي شود. به منظور بررسي اثر روش خاك ورزي و كوددهي بر خصوصيات كمي و كيفي گياه هميشه بهار (.Calendula officinalis L)، پژوهشي مزرعه اي در شهرستان شيراز، منطقه كاوه و در دو سال زراعي 1392 و 1393 در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با چهار تكرار طراحي و اجرا گرديد. تيمار ها شامل سه روش خاك ورزي (بدون خاك ورزي، كم خاك ورزي و خاك ورزي رايج) و چهار نوع منبع تامين كننده نيتروژن (كود گاوي، ورمي كمپوست، كمپوست شهري و كود اوره) بودند كه در قالب 12 تيمار در مزرعه اعمال شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه اثر تيمار سامانه هاي متفاوت كشت بر وزن خشك و سطح برگ هميشه بهار در سطح يك درصد معني دار بود. بيشترين وزن خشك بوته و سطح برگ در تيمار سامانه خاك ورزي رايج و كاربرد 165 كيلوگرم در هكتار كود اوره به دست آمد. در حالي كه بيشترين وزن خشك گل و گلبرگ، تعداد گل، شاخص برداشت گل و عصاره گياه دارويي هميشه بهار در تيمار سامانه كم خاك ورزي و كاربرد 80 كيلوگرم در هكتار كود اوره با 10 تن در هكتار كمپوست شهري به دست آمد. با توجه به نتايج مقايسات گروهي روش هاي خاك ورزي، روش هاي كم خاك ورزي در مقايسه با ساير روش هاي خاك ورزي باعث بهبود ويژگي هاي كمي و كيفي گياه هميشه بهار شد. به طور كلي، مي توان نتيجه گيري كرد كه براي افزايش و بهبود خصوصيات كمي و كيفي گياه هميشه بهار كاربرد توام 80 كيلوگرم در هكتار كود شيميايي اوره همراه با 10 تن در هكتار كمپوست شهري در قالب سامانه كم خاك ورزي قابل توصيه است.

IntroductionThe marigold is a medicinal plant from Asteraceae family and widely used as a medicinal plant. The marigold extract is widely used in the traditional medicine and herbal therapy. According to previous studies on the medicinal plant in the natural and agricultural ecosystem, using the sustainable agricultural systems provides the best conditions for plant qualitative and quantitative production. So, the global approach in production of products especially medicinal plants is toward using the ecologic management methods in the format of sustainable agricultural systems. The objectives of this experiment were to study on the effect of using the nitrogen chemical fertilizers and the variety of composts in the format of different tillage systems on the leaf area, dry weight, flower yield and the extract yield of marigold plant. Material and methodsA field experiment was conducted in order to assessing the effect of conventional farming, ecological management and semi ecological management systems on the dry weight and the height of plant, yield of flower, the percentage of extract and the essence of marigold, in two years of 2013 and 2014 in Fars province, Shiraz in the format of randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 12 treatments. All the data were submitted to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Different test (LSD) was used to verify the significant differences among treatment means at the 5% probability level. Results and discussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of different farming systems treatment on vegetative and reproductive growth of marigold were significant (p≤0.01) (Table 3). For example, the highest dry weight and leaf area of marigold were obtained from the conventional tillage system treatment and 165 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer. Furthermore, the highest flower dry weight, the number of flower and flowers harvest index and extract yield of marigold were achieved by reduce tillage system and 80 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer and 10 ton ha-1 waste compost (Table4). It seems that the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer could increase marigold vegetative growth due to increase of absorption and transfer of photo assimilate and transmission of growth-stimulating hormones to lateral and end meristems. Meanwhile, improving vegetative growth of marigold and increasing photo assimilate content can be achieve more reproductive growth. So, the management of nitrogen consumption should be in a way that the maximum economical performance will be obtained. The important point in this regard is creating appropriate balance between vegetative and reproductive growth of marigold, because from the beginning of flowering, vegetative and reproductive stages are done in parallel with each other (Daneshian et al., 2013). As a whole, in case of approving this study results by the future farm studies, it maybe recommendable that application of chemical fertilizer and compost at the same time in the format of reduce tillage system leads to increase of qualitative and quantitative performance of marigold plant. Acknowledgements At the end, I appreciate all the friends that help me for conducting this research.