اثربخشي چشم انداز زمان بر افزايش رضايت از زندگي و كاهش اضطراب دانشجويان

Effectiveness of Time Perspective in Increasing Life Satisfaction and Reducing Students' Anxiety

اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﭼﺸﻢاﻧﺪاز زﻣﺎن ﺑﺮ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ رﺿﺎﯾﺖ از زﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺿﻄﺮاب داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ از ﻧﻮع ﭘﯿﺶ آزﻣﻮن- ﭘﺲ ازﻣﻮن ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻮد، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺧﻮﺷﻪاي ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪاي ﺗﻌﺪاد 30 ﻧﻔﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺑﻪ دو ﮔﺮوه آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﮔﺮوه آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ درﻣﺎن ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪاز زﻣﺎن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻫﯿﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﻣﺎﻧﯽ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﮑﺮد. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ آزﻣﻮن ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻮق روي ﻫﺮ دو ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺠﺪدا اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. روش ﺟﻤﻊآوري دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ رﺿﺎﯾﺖ از زﻧﺪﮔﯽ داﯾﻨﺮ و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران (1985) و اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺑﮏ و اﺳﺘﯿﺮ (1990) اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش آﻟﻔﺎي ﮐﺮوﻧﺒﺎخ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آن ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎمه ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﺎﻻي 0.7 ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﺟﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار SPSS در دو ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ و اﻧﺤﺮاف اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد و اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﯽ (آﻣﺎره ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻮوارﯾﺎﻧﺲ) اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد درﻣﺎن ﭼﺸﻢاﻧﺪاز زﻣﺎن ﺑﺮ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ رﺿﺎﯾﺖ از زﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺿﻄﺮاب داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري دارد؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان اﻇﻬﺎر داﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﺎوران و درﻣﺎﻧﮕﺮان ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ از روﯾﮑﺮد ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪاز زﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان روشي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻔﯿﺪ و ﻏﻨﯽ در اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ رﺿﺎﯾﺖ از زﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺿﻄﺮاب داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ.

The present research was aimed to examine the effectiveness of time perspective in increasing life satisfaction and reducing students' anxiety. This research was semi-experimental, of a pre-test post-test type, with a control group. The statistical population, including 30 individuals, was selected using a stratified cluster random sampling method; and they were divided into two groups: experiment and control. The experiment group received time perspective treatment, and the control group received no treatment. In the post-test stage, the above questionnaires were implemented again for both groups. Data collection method was based on the following questionnaires: Diner's et al (1985) life satisfaction questionnaire (1985), and Beck and Stir's (1990) anxiety questionnaire. Using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of the questionnaires was calculated to be greater than 0.7. Analysis of the data obtained from implementing the questionnaires was conducted through SPSS software in two sections: descriptive (including mean and standard deviation), and inferential (covariance analysis statistics). Research results showed that treatment based on time perspective had a significant impact on increasing life satisfaction and reducing students' anxiety. Therefore, based on the findings of the present study, we can state that consultants and therapists could use time perspective approach as a very useful, rich method for increasing life quality and reducing students' anxiety.