چگونگي طراحي آموزشي در فرايند ياددهي- يادگيري

Educational Design in the Teaching-learning Process

ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﮐﻠﯿﻪ روﯾﺪادﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻞ ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﺳﺖ اﺻﻄﻼح ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﺪ و ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ذﻫﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ اي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ دﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ اﻃﻼق ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ و در ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﮑﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ. ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ از ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي دﻗﯿﻖ ﺗﺮ و ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﻬﺎي ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﯾﺠﺎد زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي و ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮان ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد را آﻣﻮزش ﻣﯿ ﮕﻮﯾﻨﺪ. در ﻫﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻈﻢ دادن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯿﺎت و ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮان ﺑﻪ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص مي باﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل "ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ از ﯾﮏ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار راﯾﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺮي ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﺪ". ﻫﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ اي ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ مي ياﺑﺪ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﯾﮏ ﻫﺪف ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﺳﺖ. ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﻓﻨﺎوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت، ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﺪ و روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ اﺳﺖ.

Educational design refers to the systematic process of planning all events in order to facilitate learning. The term "design" refers to systematic planning and mental processes used to develop a plan for problem solving. Design is a kind of problem solving and is used in various professions for this very purpose. Design is different from planning. Design is more precise and more specialized than planning. The purposeful set of activities creating a proper learning environment for learners is referred to as education. Education is defined as a way of organizing experiences and directing learners to achieve special abilities. For example, "the teacher may help the learner to use a software program to solve a series of specific problems". Each experience that develops is in line with one or more learning objectives. Educational design is based on theories of IT learning, systematic analysis, and management approaches.