فرايند گذار از سنت هاي فرهنگي نوسنگي جديد به مس و سنگ قديم در پسكرانه هاي شرق زاگرس مركزي

The Cultural Transition from Late Neolithic to Early Chalcolithic in Border Land of Eastern Central Zagros

تپه قشلاق در جانب شرقي رودخانه‌ي تالوار در استان كردستان قرار دارد كه تاكنون سه فصل كاوش باستان‌شناسي در آن به انجام رسيده كه توالي بدون‌وقفه استقرارهايي از دوران مس‌و‌سنگ را نشان مي‌دهد. نتيجه‌ي كاوش‌ها نشان داد كه ضخامت نهشت‌هاي باستاني و فاصله‌ي تاريخ‌گذاري‌هاي ابتدائي و انتهايي دوره‌ي دالما يا طبقه‌ي V نسبت به ديگر مكان‌هاي كاوش شده بسيار طولاني‌تر باشد. فرهنگ دالما به‌عنوان يكي از فرهنگ‌هاي غالب دوره‌ي مس‌وسنگ قديم و ميانه تقريباً به‌خوبي شناخته شده است و گسترش آن در مناطق وسيعي از شمال‌غرب و غرب ايران روشن مي‌باشد.در اين دوره نشانه‌هاي فراواني دال‌بر تغييرات اجتماعي- اقتصادي و هم‌چنين انطباق‌هاي فرهنگي با شرايط زيست‌محيطي رُخ‌داده كه نشانه‌هاي اين تغييرات برروي برخي داده‌هاي منتسب به اين دوره انعكاس يافته است و همين ويژگي سبب تفاوت‌هاي بين داده‌هاي اين دوره در مناطق تحت‌نفوذ شده است. در تحتاني‌ترين لايه‌ي كاوش شده در تپه قشلاق كه بلافاصله برروي خاك بكر قرار داشت نشانه‌هاي آشكاري از سنت‌هاي دوره‌ي نوسنگي جديد مشاهده گرديد كه مي‌تواند بيش از آن‌كه مؤيد وجود استقرارهاي دوره‌ي نوسنگي در اين مكان باشد، حداقل نشاني از نحوه‌ي انتقال سنت فرهنگي به دوره‌ي مس‌وسنگ قلمداد شود؛ اين شيوه‌ي انتقال از نظر گاهنگاري و همساني داده‌هاي فرهنگي به‌نتايج حاصله از حوضه‌ي جنوب درياچه‌ي اروميه و انتقال فرهنگي از دوره‌ي حاجي‌فيروز به دالما تشابه بيشتري دارد. لذا مهم‌ترين هدف اين مقاله بررسي نحوه‌ي فرآيند گذار سنت‌هاي فرهنگي از دوره‌ي نوسنگي جديد به مس‌وسنگ قديم بر پايه‌ي داده‌هايي است كه از كاوش در تپه قشلاق به‌دست آمده است.

Excavations at the Gheshlagh have the potential to shed indispensable light on the prehistoric cultures of the region. The absolute lack of earlier excavations with particular emphasis on the Chalcolithic period in the region further highlights the significance of the recent digging works at Tepe Gheshlagh. The main objective of these excavations is to establish the cultural sequence of the site. Other aims include dating the most important settlement attested at the site, and pinpointing the subsistence system of the Chalcolithic community that occupied it. Excavations at Tepe Gheshlagh have furnished invaluable information regarding the Dalma culture in eastern Kurdistan, thus enabling a more comprehensive analysis of the cultural accomplishments of the period here as compared to any other of the relevant sites. Tepe Gheshlagh lies between the natural corridor covered in a thick red or Ocherous slip and a type with applied decorations in the form of animal horns and tab handles may somehow relate the site to the Hassuna site of Umm Dabaghiyah, particularly as the deposit contained what seem to be sherds from husking trays. Results from the excavations suggest that a settlement that had continued uninterruptedly since the early Chalcolithic period was abruptly abandonment sometime at the end of the late phase of the same period, which corresponds with Godin Period VII. In the wake of this clear hiatus that coincided with the replacement in the region of the Yanik culture, a transient settlement again formed on the southern slope of the mound in the mid- or late Bronze period and later occupations at the site would continue into the Iron III. Therefore, settlements at Tepe Geshlagh span several periods. Though there is as yet no conclusive evidence to account for this fluctuating settlement history, it may partially be attributed to the environmental pollution prompted by local tin, copper and plaster (tophus) mines, the strains caused by famine, and the less-fertile nature of regional soil. In general, though a sequence from the Chalcolithic through the Iron III has been documented at Tepe Gheshlagh, the settlements did not continue incessantly as there are clear evidence for a prolonged gap at the end of the late Chalcolithic era which would simply be interrupted in the mid-or late Bronze Age with a transient occupation of a transhumant group on parts of the southern slope of the mound. And, it was only in the late Iron Age, in about the eighth or seventh century B.C., that another major settlement was developed on the eastern slope of the mound. Infertile soil, rather high elevation and, consequently, the relatively colder climate compared with the surrounding regions as Considering that in the cultural materials of this exploration there are signs of the traditions of the Late Neolithic period, therefore, the main purpose of this article is to examine the process of the transition of cultural traditions from Late Neolithic Period to Early chalcolithic period, which has so far been dealt with, given that There is evidence in the Gheshlagh that the way this process is explained. These studies can illustrate the cultural relations of the ancient rural communities in the eastern part of the central Zagros with neighboring regions such as northwest Iran and Mesopotamia. On the other hand, the origin and form of the formation of the first rural cultures and the transition to the complex livelihoods, economic and social systems, that’s important.