پديد آورندگان :
قرخلو، مهدي دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدهي جغرافيا , حاتمي نژاد، حسين دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدهي جغرافيا , باغوند، اكبر دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدهي محيط زيست , يلوه، مصطفي دانشگاه تهران
كليدواژه :
كرمانشاه , ظرفيت برد , پايداري , توسعه ي پايدار شهري , جاي پاي اكولوژيكي
چكيده فارسي :
اين مقاله به بررسي جاي پاي اكولوژيكي شهر كرمانشاه، ميپردازد و تلاش ميكند به اين پرسش پاسخ دهد: آيا فضاي بومشناسي شهر كرمانشاه توان حمايت و برآوردن نيازهاي اساسي جمعيّت شهر را دارد؟ اين پژوهش با روش توصيفي انجام گرفته و جامعهي آماري آن تمام خانوارهاي شهري كرمانشاه بوده كه آمار مربوط به ميزان مصرف آنها از دو روش مراجع رسمي و پرسشنامهي پژوهشگر ساخته، متشكّل از 14 گويه جمعآوري شده است. حجم نمونه 322 خانوار بوده است.يافتههاي اين پژوهش نشان ميدهد كه جاي پاي اكولوژيكي شهر كرمانشاه در گروههاي مصرفي موادّ غذايي، حملونقل، گرمايش گازهاي طبيعي، آب، برق و زمين مورد نياز براي دفع موادّ زائد 1/82 هكتار بوده است، كه مقايسهي آن با فضاهاي پشتيبان آن، مانند شهرستان و استان، بيانگر اين است كه شهر كرمانشاه براي برآوردن نيازهاي زيستي و پايداري خويش متّكي به منطقهاي فراتر از استان كرمانشاه است. نگاهي به ميزان مواد مصرفي شهر كرمانشاه، نشان مي دهد كه سهم موادّ غذايي با 1/22 هكتار، بيشترين سهم را در بين ساير مواد دارد. كمترين ميزان مربوط به زمين مورد نياز براي دفع زباله 0/06متر مربّع به ازاي هر نفربوده است. از آنجايي كه ظرفيت زيستي ايران 8/0هكتار است، جاي پاي اكولوژيكي 1/82 هكتاري شهر كرمانشاه بدان معناست كه 2/275 برابر بيش از سهم خود، از ظرفيت زيستي قابل تحمّل كشور را به خود اختصاص داده است. بهگفتهي ديگر با ادامهي روند كنوني مصرف، شهر كرمانشاه براي تأمين غذا، انرژي و زمين مورد نياز براي جذب دياكسيدكربن، به فضايي حدود 180 برابر مساحت كنوني خود نيازمند است.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
The present paper examines the ecological footprint of Kermanshah as the 9th largest city of Iran. It also tries to answer the following question: Dose the ecological environment of Kermanshah Support the basic needs of it's population? and are the Biological systems of Kermanshah able to answer all socio- economic questions related to different activities of residents. This study is completed based on a descriptive method in which the whole urban households of Kermanshah city are considered as the statistical sample. The statistics related to their consumption of Dvtryq authorities and researcher questionnaire consists of 14 items have been collected. The sample size of the present study was 322 households which were selected by cluster random method. The findings of this study show that the ecological footprint in Kermanshah city indifferent consumption groups of food, transportation, natural gas heating, drinking water, electricity and required land for waste disposal is 1.82 hectares.
Although the mentioned list is not a complete inventory of city expenditures, But the comparison of these items with the occupied spaces by the city and even with the supporting spaces such as county and province. Indicates that to fulfill its biological needs and sustainability, the city depend on a geographic realm beyond the Kermanshah Province. A glance to the consumed item in Kermanshah city Confirms that the share of food with 1.22 hectares is the largest share among all other consumed item, other items used in this study has been calculated less than their share of food. The lowest rate belong to required land for garbage with approximately 0.000006 hectares or 0.06 m2.Since Iran's biological capacity is 0.8 hectares, 1.82- hectare ecological footprint in Kermanshah it means that the average bearable biological capacity of Kermanshah city is 2.275 times more than the average country .in other words, can be expressed With current consumption trends continue, Kermanshah city for food Energy and land needed to absorb carbon dioxide. the space is about 180 times the area of your current needs.
Methodology
In this general description of the methods - and a bit of explanation and analysis has been used throughout the study. This research is primarily a data type the study population on sisted of all households residing in the city of Kermanshah. Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 This study documents the methods and field data collection has been Receipt of documents by using the method of operation as well as library and refer to the websites and scientific databases, and various organizations, data collection is necessary Part of the data that they collect from the way documents are not possible .Is obtained through a questionnaire. Major statistical researcher who failed to achieve them through official sources. Statistics of food consumption was. Example of using this formula Kutcher (Hafeznia, 117, 1377), the accuracy level of 5%, and 95% confidence level was calculated per 322 households In this study, cluster random sampling method is used. City of Kermanshah on the sixth district council areas and each area of several blocks to the lottery and were harvested.
In the next compilation, using the ecological footprint of the combined application of inductive methods (detailed) and analog (compound) is formed, to calculate the EF will apply in urban areas. Prerequisite for applying this method, information processing and evaluation of the ecological city of Kermanshah in the area is 10 thousand hectares, which is used to map regions of Kermanshah city. Perhaps the most important stage of research is to obtain data necessary to measure the EF. Data necessary to measure the initial state can be obtained from statistical tables. Including data needed to analyze the energy, food, forest products and its consumption was noted. The general method devised by Wackernagel and Ress (1996), these calculations include the following main steps. The estimated annual per capita consumption of main materials based on regional data and divided by the total population of total consumption. Estimates of land allocated to each consumer for each case by dividing average annual consumption per case on average annual production, or efficiency of the ground. Calculate the total average per person Ecological Footprint (EF) by the sum of each person is dedicated to handling all areas of the ecosystem. To obtain the ecological footprint (Efp) for the planning area population (N), with the result calculated by multiplying the average footprint per person in population size (Efp = N * EF) Wackernagel and Ress (1996).
Results and Discussion
To assess the environmental impacts related to energy consumption and in Kermanshah, The method of ecological footprint by Professor William Small, a biologist and regional planner has been developed at the University of British Columbia, Canada, Used. In this method, the amount needed annually in Kermanshah to the amount of productive land and sea( The ecological ) with existing technology, to meet all their needs, were calculated (Table 1) .
