پديد آورندگان :
مشكيني، ابوالفضل دانشگاه تربيت مدرّس , زياري، كرامت اله دانشگاه تهران , كلانتري، محسن دانشگاه زنجان , پرهيز، فرياد دانشگاه اصفهان
كليدواژه :
زنجان , اسلام آباد , اسكان غير رسمي , ناهنجار يهاي اجتماعي
چكيده فارسي :
شهر زنجان در دهه هاي اخير از رشد جمعيّتي و كالبدي چشم گيري برخوردار بوده است، ازجمله پيامدهاي ناگوار اين رشد شتابان و بي قواره، شكل گيري مناطق اسكان غير رسمي در اين شهر است. منطقه ي اسلام آباد، از دسته مناطق بزرگ اسكان غير رسمي شهر زنجان است كه در پي مهاجرت گسترده ي روستاييان طي دهه ي 1350 به بعد، از سوي مهاجران روستايي ساخته شده است. اين منطقه گرچه اكنون جزء مناطق رسمي درون شهر به شمار ميرود؛ اما از ديدگاه كالبدي، نظام كاربري و خدمات رساني، جمعيّتي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي با مشكلات مختلفي روبهرو است. هدف اين پژوهش تحليل فضايي ـ كالبدي ناهنجاريهاي اجتماعي در منطقه ي اسلام آباد و تشريح عوامل مؤثّر در بروز ناهنجاريهاي اين منطقه است. روش پژوهش توصيفي ـ تحليلي است و براي شناسايي الگوهاي فضايي توزيع جرايم در سطح منطقه ي اسلام آباد از مدلهاي آماري گرافيك مبنا، شامل آزمون مركز متوسّط و بيضي انحراف معيار و براي تشخيص كانونهاي جرم خيز شهري، از شاخص نزديكترين همسايه و روش درونيابي تخمين تراكم كرنل استفاده شده است. جامعهي آماري پژوهش، مجموع جرايم ارتكابي است كه در دورهي زماني يكساله در اين محدوده رخ داده است. يافتهها نشان ميدهند اين منطقه، يكي از مهمترين كانونهاي وقوع بزهكاري شهر زنجان است و توزيع فضايي جرايم مورد بررسي در اين منطقه، از الگوي خوشه‌اي و متمركز پيروي مي‌كند. بيشترين جرايم ارتكابي در اين منطقه، جرم شرارت و درگيري، اعتياد و قاچاق موادّ مخدّر است. همچنين بين تراكم جمعيّت در اين محدوده و نرخ وقوع بزهكاري در آن، رابطهي مستقيم وجود دارد. از سوي ديگر، بالابودن ميزان كاربري مسكوني و كمبود و نبود برخي كاربري هاي مورد نياز شهروندان در توزيع جغرافيايي، نوع و ميزان جرايم و شكل گيري الگوهاي فضايي بزهكاري در اين منطقه مؤثّر بوده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Zanjan has recently enjoyed considerable population and physical growth. The rapid irregular growth in population number caused unfavorable formation of informal settlement areas in the city. Islamabad is of the largest informal accommodation regions in Zanjan which was built as a consequence of massive rural migration during 1970s. Although the area, at present, is considered an official area within the city, it is suffering from different skeletal, service systems, demographic, social and cultural matters problems. This research analyses the spatial-skeletal abnormalities in Islamabad region and tries to explain the incidences of these abnormalities.
Methodology
In this descriptive-analytic study comprehensive statically based methods including mean center test and standard deviation ellipses were used to identity and comprehend the spatial areas of Islamabad. Kernel density estimates in geographical information system GIS and lateral software's Case and Crime Analysis were applied to detect focal urban crime prone. The sample of the present study is the collection of the crimes committed in the city limits of Zanjan within a one-year period.
Results and Discussion
According to the findings of current study one of the focal areas of crime dotted on an informal settlement regions is slamabad and it matches the spatial distribution of crime in the above mentioned area; i.e. commitment of crimes concentrated in certain parts of the region. Islamabad region, one of the most crime-spotted districts of Zanjan is among the largest informal settlement areas, based on a consequence of massive rural migration in 1970s. Later censures in 2006 indicate that 39439 people i.e. more than 11.2 percent of Zanjan's populations are living in Islamabad. While it has just 1.8% of the total living space in Zanjan, so it encounters high density. So Islamabad informal settlement region is one of the highly populated districts of Zanjan, it equals 422 people per hectares, while the relative population density of Zanjan is 69 person per hectare. In other words, Islamabad is relatively 6 times more dense than Zanjan and is has higher rate of crime occurrence, respectively. Therefore, we can conclude that there exist a direct correlation between the population density and social disorder rate increase. Highest percentage of the areas is devoted to residential district, so that 45.70% of the area is residential. However this proportion is 17.6% for Zanjan. Therefore, the residential area in Islamabad district is 35.81% higher, 11% of which devoted to mixed residence. This population is 2.4% in Zanjan, so it can be concluded that residential and mixed residential districts in Islamabad are 3 times higher than Zanjan itself and shows an imbalance in residential allocation planning. On the other hand, The residents needs and requirements, and other residential- related portables are hardly qualified. and most of the utilities and services are insufficient, if any. Extremely high contribution to residential area without sufficient services and utilities had an undeniable impact on crime increase on the district. Hence, the type and style of urban utilization has a direct affecton committing or preventing crimes and misdemeanors.
Conclusion
Islamabad region is one of the most important focal occurrences of crime in Zanjan, and spatial distribution of the studied crimes here matches the intensive and clustered pattern. Most committed crimes in the area are villainy, freighting, outbreak, addiction, and drug trafficking. There is also t a direct relation between high population density and crime occurring rate; so that the average population density in this region is 6 times higher than other ports of Zanjan, and so is the rate of crime occurrence. On the other hand, extremely higher residential contribution without sufficient services and utilities has been effective on the geographical distribution of type and rate of different crimes and spatial pattern inventions.
