تاثير غرب در موسيقي نظامي ايران (از اواسط عصر ناصري تا پايان حكومت قاجار)

(Influence of the West on Military Music of Iran (From the Middle of Naseri Era to the End of Qajar

پس از تاسيس دارالفنون و سفرهاي ناصرالدين شاه و مظفرالدين شاه به اروپا، فرهنگ غربي در ايران نفوذ و گسترش زيادي يافت. يكي از تاثيرات فرهنگ غربي در حوزه موسيقي بويژه موسيقي نظامي بود. اين مقاله با بهره گيري از روش توصيفي-تحليلي و با استفاده از اسناد و منابع كتابخانه اي در پي پاسخ به اين پرسش است كه تاثيرپذيري موسيقيدانان ايراني و موسيقي نظامي (نقاره خانه) از شيوه هاي علمي و عمليِ منسجمِ موسيقي نظامي غرب تا چه ميزان و چگونه بود؟ يافته ها حاكي از آن است كه موسيقي نظامي غرب از اواسط عصر ناصري وارد ايران شد و تا پايان عصر قاجار، گسترش زيادي يافت و رقيبي جدي براي موسيقي نظامي شد؛ هر چند تلاش هاي برخي از موسيقيدانان و اعضاي انجمن هاي ادبي، براي همسان سازي اين دو سبك موسيقي بي نتيجه نبود و نوآوريهايي در عرصه موسيقي نظامي پديدار شد، اما بسياري از سبك هاي كهن موسيقي فراموش شد و الگوهاي غربي در موسيقي مورد استقبال فراوان قرار گرفت. غرب گرايي شديد دربار قاجار و موسيقيدانان ايراني، از عوامل اصلي اين تاثيرپذيري بود.

Following political, social and cultural developments in Qajar and the establishment of Dar ul-Funun and numerous trips of Naser al-Din Shah and Mozaffar al-Din Shah to Europe, the west culture influenced Iranian culture and extended in Iran. One of the elements of Iranian culture which was influenced by these developments was music and more especially military music. Using descriptive-analytical method and relying on library documents and resources, this article aims to answer the question: how did the integrated scientific and practical methods of Western military music influenced the military music of Iran (Naqareh-khaneh) and Iranian artists? The findings suggest that Western military music entered Iran from the middle of Naseri era and it gradually continued its influence and extension to the end of Qajar era and by using its special features became a serious competitor for military music. Although the efforts of some Iranian musicians and members of the literary societies were effective for synchronization of both the western and Iranian music styles and led to innovations in the field of this art, many of the old music styles were forgotten and the Western patterns in music (items such as solfège, harmony and orchestration) overshadowed Iranian patterns.