دلايل برآمدن و زوال شهرهاي مسير رودخانه كارون در خوزستان قرون 43 ه.ق

Reasons for Rise and Fall of the Cities Adjacent to the Karun River in Khuzistan during 3rd and 4th Century AH.

خوزستان به عنوان يك تمدن رودخانه ـ جلگه ا ي در دوره ي قبل و بعد از اسلام، همواره داراي شهرهاي متعدد و پررونقي بوده كه علاوه بر شهرهاي شناخته شده چون شوش، شوشتر، اهواز شهرهايي نيز وجود داشته اند كه امروزه آثار چنداني از آنها باقي نمانده است. از جمله مي توان به شهرهاي مسير رودخانه ي كارون چون عسكرمُكرم، سوق الاربعاء، جُبي و دورق اشاره كرد. در اين مقاله بر آنيم تا با روش تاريخي و با رويكردي توصيفي ـ تحليلي و با عنايت به رهيافت ماكس وبر در زمينه ي دسته بندي ماهيتي و دگرگوني شهرها به بررسي علل برآمدن و افول اين شهرها در خوزستان سده هاي سوم و چهارم هجري بپردازيم. فرض ما اين است كه وجود رودخانه هاي متعدد، به ويژه رودخانه قابل كشتيراني كارون و ارتباط آن با آب هاي آزاد همواره عامل و بستري براي شكل گيري و رونق تجاري و فرهنگي شهرها در خوزستان بوده است. يافته ها حاكي از آن است كه بنيان اكثر شهرهاي خوزستان جز عسكرمكرم و سوق الاربعاء به پيش از اسلام برمي گردد و در سده هاي سوم و چهارم هجري با توليد انواع كالاها و محصولات از رونق تجاري و اقتصادي و به تبع آن رشد فرهنگي بالايي برخوردار بودند؛ اما به مرور زمان در نتيجه عوامل طبيعي چون طغيان و تغيير مسير رودخانه و نيز علل تاريخي همچون تاثير قيام زنگيان، ورود قبايل ترك، تغيير خط سير تجاري و درگيري ميان قدرت هاي محلي عرب ها، اين شهرها حيات و رونق خود را از دست داده اند.

Khuzistan as a river-plain civilization during pre-Islamic and Islamic era, have had several prosperous cities which in addition to some of the most well-known cities such as Susa, Shushtar and Ahvaz, there were cities which there is no trace of them. Some of these cities which were located adjacent to Karun river were Askar Mokarran, Souq al-Arba’a, Jobai and Dorraq. The main aim of his article is to study the reasons for rise and fall of Khuzistancities during 3rd and 4th centuries AH., based on Max Weber’s theory on categorizing cities according to their nature and changes in a descriptive- analytical approach. Our hypothesis is that the existence of several rivers especially the navigable Karun river and its connection with the high seas had been the factor and platform for commercial and cultural formation and prosperous of the Khuzistan cities. According to the findings of this survey, the foundation of the most Khuzistan cities except Asskar Mokarram and Souq al- Arba’a, is dated back to pre-Islamic era. These cities had produced various merchandise and had commercial boom and consequently high cultural development. But these cities had lost their lives over time due to some natural causes such as high water and redirection of the river and also some historical cause such as the effect of Zangi revolt, the emergence of Turks, the change of commercial routs and clash between Arab native powers.