فرقه مرجئه در بستر سياست و حاكميت امويان

Murji'ah Sect in the Politics and Governance of the Umayyads

تحولات پس از رحلت پيامبر(ص)، همچنانكه بر ساير وجوه جامعه نوپاي اسلامي اثر گذاشت، در پيدايش فرقه مرجئه نيز موثر بود. در اين ميان، جهت گيري هايي كه در پي جنگ جمل و صفين پديد آمد، بر تمايلات سياسي و مذهبي مسلمانان ازجمله آشكار شدن گرايش هاي مرجئي تأثير بيشتري داشت. مرجئه اوليه كه با پرهيز از قضاوت در مورد دو جبهه علوي و عثماني، اعلام موجوديت كرده بودند؛ بمرور توجيه كلامي مناسبي در تأييد سكوت خود بكار بستند كه همانا به تعريف خاص ايشان از ايمان، يعني نقطه ثقل تفكر مرجئي، منتهي شد. اين برداشت كه بر كنش سياسي آنها تأثير مستقيم داشت، بجرياني اثرگذار در سير تحولات سياسي- فرهنگي در اسلام تبديل گرديد؛ تا جاييكه همگرايي يا واگرايي آنها با حاكميت بني اميه و سهم ايشان در ميزان مشروعيت امويان، محل بحث جدّي بوده است. نوشتار حاضر با طرح اين سوال كه: رويكرد كلامي مرجئه و ماهيت قدرت در نزد ايشان در سير تحولات سياسي قلمرو اسلامي در خلافت اموي چه تأثيري داشت؟ بر آن است با رويكردي تبييني-تفسيري، ضمن مروري بر بينش اعتقادي مرجئه و جايگاه آنها در مقابل جريان خوارج؛ دو ديدگاهي را كه به همسويي يا رويارويي مرجئه با خلافت اموي باور دارد، مورد نقد و بررسي قراردهد

Murji'ah was one of the sects which gained popularity after the demise of the Prophet (S). Doubtlessly, the transformations which affected other aspects of the nascent Islamic society after the demise of the Prophet (S) were also at work in the emergence of Murji'ah. Meanwhile, the orientations after Jamal and Seffeyn battles affected the Muslims’ religious and political inclinationsin general, and led to the emergence of Murji'ah in particular. The early Murji'ah sect claimed its dependence via evading judgment about the two Alavid and Othmani campaigns and postponing their verdict on the subject. Gradually, its followers justified and approved their silence and tolerance rhetorically through proposing their specific definition of faith; which was the focal point of their doctrine. This doctrine, which directly affected their political acts, turned their thoughts and beliefs into one of the influential movements in the political and cultural transformations of the Islamic world. Their alignment or misalignment with the Umayyadsand their role in legitimizing Umayyad Caliphate became a serious issue. In a similar vein, the present paper aims at investigating the effects of Murji'ah rhetorical approach and the nature of power held by them on the political transformations of the Islamic territory during Umayyad Caliphate. While adopting an analytic-interpretive approach, weattempt to review the theological view of the Murji'ites, clarify their position against the radical Kharijites, and critique the two conflicting views concerning the Murji’ah’s advocacyof oropposition to Umayyadcaliphate. The findings of the study reveal that, contrary to the assumptions that representthe political directions of the Iraqis against Damascus, Murji'ah was a dominant trend formed in Iraq and itsspecific political orientation played an important role in stabilizing the status of the Umayyads and the political base of Damascus.