جايگاه نيازهاي بنيادين انسان در سير تحولات مسكن (مطالعه موردي: شهر اردبيل مبتني بر پيشينه تاريخي)

The Place of Fundamental Human Needs in Housing Developments (Case study: Houses in Ardabil city based on history of the city)

تحت پوشش قرار دادن نيازهاي بنيادين انسان در علم روانشناسي محيطي از ويژگي هاي مهم يك مسكن بشمار مي آيد. مسكن بايد بتواند نيازهاي فرد را متناسب با بوم منطقه پاسخ داده و مشكلات ناشي از آن را مرتفع نمايد. خانه بعنوان سازگارترين مكان با زندگي انسان شناخته شده و امروزه به علت عدم توجه به نيازهاي اصلي كاربران، دچار تغييرات زيادي شده است به گونه اي كه روندي به سوي بي هويتي و كاهش حس تعلق ساكنان را در پي دارد. در پژوهش حاضر هدف اصلي بررسي ميزان توجه به نيازهاي بنيادين انسان در دوره هاي متفاوت معماري مي باشد؛ لذا در اين راستا از ترجمان معماري، اصول مطرح شده توسط آبراهام مازلو به عنوان محور سنجش كيفيت پاسخگويي به نيازهاي بنيادين بهره گرفته شده است. پژوهش بصورت توصيفي- تحليلي بوده و روش تحقيق پيمايشي- دلفي است. تجزيه وتحليل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار Spss21 انجام گرديده و در نهايت نتايج طبق جداول آماري استخراج گرديده اند. در اين مسير جهت استخراج روند تغييرات الگوي مسكن شهر، خانه هاي شهر اردبيل به سه دوره سنتي، سنتي- معاصر و معاصر، تقسيم شده است. نتايج بدست آمده حاكي از وجود اختلاف معنادار در ميزان پاسخگويي الگوهاي مسكن به نيازهاي اساسي افراد و كاهش حس تعلق و كيفيت زندگي در طي دورهاي زماني بوده است.

In recent centuries the relationship of man and the environment of the most important points of interest for researchers in the fields of architecture and behavioral sciences to the extent that today the bilateral relationship between humans and the environment and its impact on quality of life is no secret and environmental psychology is the result of interaction between the two aforementioned knowledge. Recognizing and taking into account the principles based on the basic needs of people، enhance the sense of space and satisfaction of their needs is real. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different architectural periods due to basic human needs housing، including traditional، contemporary and traditional contemporary; in this regard، the interpreter architecture، proposed by Abraham Maslow's principles as fundamental needs of quality-centric measurement is taken. The research is descriptive-analytic and Delphi technique is used. The architectural components of housing morphology in the explored houses are categorized into factors like: physical form، spatial configuration and spatial elements. One of the main detectable spatial specifications of the studied habitations is the combination of three spatial elements of close space، open space and semi- closed space. Each of these elements used to be vitally experienced through practices of routine life and the ways of living among different residents. Different living activities such as cooking، praying، visiting and public works take place in combination of spatial structure. Therefore، spatial properties of built environment give rise to the dynamic and adaptable capacity of accommodating the practices of routine life in these habitations. In addition، according to the results of interviews، courtyard، Tanaby and corridor are the spatial setting of social communications between family and neighborhoods. In this regard، the life cycle takes place in consecutive movements between open، close spaces and semi- closed. Semi- closed spaces like corridors، Ivan and close spaces like rooms، Tanaby and open spaces like courtyards are generally multi-functional in terms of being highly adaptable for meeting family or individual needs that have changed over time periods. It is noteworthy، unfortunately over time some efficient and particular elements have been removed of Ardabil houses. Spaces like Sandykh-Khanna (element like closets and cabinetsin the wall for putting stuff) and Arakasma (folding doors) were solutions used in the traditional inhabitants. but today these spaces have been removed. Spatial configuration of the studied houses is readable from the physical properties، morphological features and space usage. The common formal patterns can be classified into four main categories as the “I” shape and “I-I” shape and “L” shape and “U” shape configurations. Data analysis was performed using Spss software and to evaluate the desirability of Ardebil in private housing patterns each need and ultimately results have been derived by statistical tables. The results showed no significant differences in the response to the basic needs of housing patterns have been studied in three periods. So that in relation to the meet the fundamental needs of people in the city of Ardabil housing patterns over time، the downward spiral is observed.