قانون حاكم بر حمل ونقل چندوجهي در چارچوب قواعد هامبورگ و قواعد رتردام

The Governing Law of Multimodal Transport within the Framework of Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules

استفاده از كانتينرها به عنوان ابزار حمل محموله ها در دهه هاي اخير به سرعت رواج يافته و منجر به پيدايش مفهوم حمل ونقل چندوجهي گرديده است. اين شيوه از حمل ونقل حداقل با تركيبي از دو شيوه مختلف حمل و در قالب يك قرارداد واحد صورت مي پذيرد. متاسفانه در حال حاضر هيچ قانون متحدالشكل بين المللي در حوزه حمل ونقل چندوجهي وجود ندارد و انتظار ايجاد چنين قانوني در آينده نزديك نيز نمي رود؛ بنابراين تمامي كنوانسيون هاي بين المللي حمل ونقل يك وجهي در مورد مرحله مرتبط با آن ها در حمل ونقل چندوجهي اعمال مي گردند. درهرحال در مواردي هم پوشاني هاي قابل توجهي ميان مقررات لازم الاجراي كنوانسيون هاي يك وجهيِ مختلف در مورد حمل ونقل چندوجهي وجود دارد و اين هم پوشاني ها مشكلاتي را در زمينه قانون حاكم بر حمل ونقل چندوجهي ايجاد مي نمايند. به منظور رفع اين مشكل در برخي موارد كنوانسيون هاي حمل يك وجهي قواعد حل تعارضي را ايجاد نموده اند. اين نوشتار با استفاده از روش توصيفي – تحليلي موارد محتمل بروز هم پوشاني هايي ميان مقررات قواعد هامبورگ و قواعد رتردام (به عنوان دو كنوانسيون بين المللي مرتبط با حمل دريايي) در حمل ونقل چندوجهي و قواعد حل تعارض آن ها در مورد اين هم پوشاني ها را واكاوي مي نمايد.

The use of containers as a means of moving cargo has rapidly increasing over the last decades and has given rise to the concept of multimodal transport. This mode of transport takes place by at least two different modes through one single contract from a place in one country where the goods are taken in charge by the carrier to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country. This way of transport has many advantages such as overcoming many of the technical problems as well as reducing loading and discharging time. While a new convention related to multimodal transport is expected but all efforts in this subject have failed for some reasons as unfortunately there is neither any uniform international law on multimodal contract nor is one expected in the near future. To solve this problem، some solutions have been proposed among which using network system for ascertaining the applicable law is one of the best possible options. The network system links existing sets of unimodal convention to the substantive rules. Under the network system، the multimodal transport agreement is divided into parts and the law applicable to each separate stage is determined as if it were a separate contract. So، all applicable unimodal international conventions are applied only to the related multimodal transport. It means that the convention on the contract for the international carriage of goods by road (CMR، 1956) on the road leg، the convention concerning international carriage by rail (COTIF، 1980) and its amendments (1999) on the rail stage، the convention for the unification of certain rules related to the international carriage by air (Warsaw Convention، 1929) and its amendments (1955)، the convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air (Montreal Convention، 1999) on the air leg، the Hague Rules as Amended by the Brussels Protocol (Hague-Visby Rules، 1968)، the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (Hamburg Convention، 1978)، and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by the sea (Rotterdam Rules، 2009) on the sea leg will be applied.