مسئوليت مدني توليد و عرضه كنندگان خودروي معيوب در دوره تضمين

Civil liability of the Manufacturers and Suppliers of Defective Vehicle during the Guarantee Period

هدف حقوق ايجاد تعادل و برابري در روابط اشخاص است به همين منظور حقوق به حمايت از مصرف كنندگان خودرو پرداخته است . قانونگذار به دليل اهميت خودرو ، قانون خاص حمايت از مصرف كنندگان را تصويب كرده است . در اين قانون به حق برخورداري از كالاي سالم و عاري از عيوب و خطرات بسيار توجه شده و به منظور تحقق اين هدف ، قانونگذار حمايت هايي چون دوره تضمين را تحت شرايطي پيش بيني نموده است . تضمين به معني خاص به عنوان يكي از تعهدات فرعي عرضه كنندگان كالا مخصوصا خودرو مبني بر داشتن كيفيت و عملكرد مطلوب و متعارف تا مدت زمان مشخص مي باشد . تضمين ممكن است ماهيت قراردادي يا قانوني داشته باشد . وقتي عرضه كننده آن را تعهد مي كند داراي ماهيت قراردادي ولي در صورتي كه برغم عدم تصريح در تعهدات فروشنده ، به حكم قانون فروشنده را ملزم به انجام تعهداتي بدانيم ماهيتي قانوني دارد . تضمين موضوع اين تحقيق با رعايت شرايط و حسب مورد مسئوليت محض به نحو تضامني براي اشخاص دخيل در زنجيره توليد و يا عرضه كننده ايجاد مي نمايد . البته تعهد و مسئوليت عرضه كنندگان ، مطلق نمي باشد بلكه مقيد به شرايط و قيودي است. مسئوليت عرضه كننده مشروط به بروز عيب و نقص در مدت تضمين است . در اين نوع مسئوليت ، كافي است مصرف كننده ثابت كند كه خودروي عرضه شده عيبي داشته كه حادثه از آن به وجود آمده است . هدف اين مسئوليت ، تحميل ضمان به نتيجه فعل است نه كيفيت آن ، در واقع ، اين ضمان چهره حمايتي دارد تا هيچ حق قابل احترامي از بين نرود .

Introduction In our era، motor vehicles، especially land vehicles such as cars are among agents with greatest possibility of harm and danger. Accidents caused by land vehicles have become one of the top problems of the present era. In the complicated market of production and supply، on many occasions، costumers are not aware of the materials of the goods، the quality of production and the manner in which they are used. On the other hand، the vehicle may be defective، and the consumer may be harmed by using this product. Lack of consumer awareness and their trust in the supplied products lay the grounds for the misuse of some manufacturers. Enjoying appropriate and safe goods and services with good quality and free from defects is a basic right of consumers. One of the best tools that may fulfill this goal is guarantee. Product guarantee is one of the most important methods of consumer right protection because despite all the efforts made by the manufacturers in producing healthy and high-quality products، it is possible that some gaps are neglected by the manufacturer in the course of manufacture and production process، or as a result of inaccuracy or defect، and thus the product may not have the required quality. To prove their good faith، manufacturers guarantee their products within reasonable timeframe، thus assuring the consumer that the products they buy have good quality and are safe، and in case of any problem، they can be fixed for free. The scope and extent of this guarantee will also cover third party damages caused by defective manufacturing. The nature of the guarantee is initially entirely contractual and based on the manufacturer's commitment to the buyers. The importance of guarantee in the relationship between producer and consumer has led governments to meddle in these relationships in recent years and to turn a completely personal and contractual binding into a legal obligation. For this reason، in order to protect consumers who are in a weaker position than the manufacturer، the legislator established certain consumer protection laws in 2007، most of which are concerned with guarantee period. The guarantee period، its effects and the necessity of providing it by car makers are roughly organized in the Automobile Consumer Protection Act. The mentioned law، while determining the minimum time and function for guarantee، obliges car makers to ensure the health and safety of their manufactured goods. Under this law، the supplier is obliged to eliminate any defect (caused by the design، assembly، manufacture or carriage) of the car within the duration of the guarantee period for free، since justice is required to support consumers against large industrial and manufacturing giants and to ensure the health of the society in advance.