اثر تاريخ كشت بر قدرت و عملكرد بذر بادام زميني

The effect of sowing date on peanut seed vigor and yield

ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ رﺷﺪ ﺑﺬر ﺑﺎدام زﻣﻴﻨﻲ در داﺧﻞ ﺧﺎك، ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ زﻣﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﺷﺖ و ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ زﻣﺎن رﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺬر ﺑﺎدام زﻣﻴﻨﻲ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪرت و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﺬر، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ در دو ﺳﺎل زراﻋﻲ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ در ﺳﺎل اول در ﭘﻨﺞ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ و در ﺳﺎل دوم در دو ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي از زﻣﺎن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺬر در ﻏﻼف ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫﻔﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻮد و ﺑﺬرﻫﺎ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺬر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و ﭘﺲ از ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺬرﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ آن ﻫﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري روي رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺬر در زﻣﺎن ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ، درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زﻧﻲ، ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺬر، ﺳﺮﻋﺖ و ﻣﺪت ﭘﺮﺷﺪن داﻧﻪ و ﻗﺪرت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ داﺷﺖ. ﺑﺬرﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﺎي زود ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زﻧﻲ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺬرﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻛﺸﺖ دﻳﺮﻫﻨﮕﺎم داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﺬر ﺑﺎدام زﻣﻴﻨﻲ در ﺳﺎل اول ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﺑﻮد، در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل دوم ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ در ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﺬر ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻃﻮل دوره ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪن داﻧﻪ در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮي ﺳﺎل اول و ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪن اﻳﻦ دوره ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎرش ﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪرت و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺬرﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ دوﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ رﻗﻢ و در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻞ اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ، دﻣﺎ و ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻃﻲ دوره ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪن داﻧﻪ، دو ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ ﻗﺪرت و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﺬر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺬرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و ﻗﺪرت ﺑﺎﻻ را ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻛﺮد.

Due to growth of peanut seeds inside the soil, determination of proper time for planting and harvesting has special importance. For determination of proper time of maturity with high vigor and yield, an experiment was conducted in two crop years in complete block design in research station of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR). In first and second year the study was performed in five and two planting dates respectively. The Sampling repeats weekly when seed developed in pods and were transferred immediately to the laboratory. Seed germination and moisture content was determined and electrical conductivity test was measured after drying the seeds. Results showed that seed moisture content in final stage, germination percentage, electrical conductivity, seeds filling rate, seed filling period and seedling vigor were significantly affected by planting date. Seeds which planted early had lower moisture content in harvest time and higher germination percentage than seeds which planted late. Different sowing date significantly affected seed yield in the first year, while in the second year delay sowing had no significant effect on total seed yield. Reduce seed filling period in late planting date of first year and facing this period with the end of season rainfall led to significant decrease in seed vigor and quality. Although the data obtained in this study examine just one cultivar in one location and two years, but results suggested between weather parameters, temperature and rainfall during seed filling period had significant effects on peanut seed vigor and yield. So adjusting planting date according to location weather condition could results high quality and vigor seeds in harvest time.