تأثير تجاري شدن كشاورزي بر نظام مالكيّت زمين در دورۀ قاجار (مطالعۀ موردي: مازندران)

The Impact of Agricultural Commercialization on the land ownership system In the Qajar period (Case study: Mazandaran)

رﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ داري در اﯾﺮان و واﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر در اﯾﻦ دوره ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻏﺮب و ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ واﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﺸﺎورزي را ﻧﯿﺰ دﺳﺘﺨﻮش ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮد و ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﮥ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ و ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮي از اﺳﻨﺎد آرﺷﯿﻮي، ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ داده ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ رﺷﺪ ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺗﺠﺎري ﭼﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮي ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ در ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؟ ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ داده ﻫﺎ و اﺳﻨﺎد، اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ رﺷﺪ ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺗﺠﺎري در اﯾﺮان ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ زﻣﯿﻦ و ﺳﻮدآوري زﻣﯿﻦ داري و زراﻋﺖ ﻓﺮآورده ﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﻟﯽ ﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮاﯾﺶ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻏﯿﺮزﻣﯿﻦ دار ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ، اﻋﻢ از ﺗﺎﺟﺮان و دوﻟﺘﻤﺮدان و ﺣﺘﯽ اﺗﺒﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﻠّﮏ زﻣﯿﻦ و ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﯾﺪاري اراﺿﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد، ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﮥ ﻣﻠّﺎك ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ و زﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ارﺑﺎﺑﯽ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آوردﻧﺪ. ﻧﯿﺎز روزاﻓﺰون ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎي زراﻋﯽ و ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش اﻣﻼك ﺷﺨﺼﯽ، ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻋﺪه اي ﺑﻪ اﺟﺎرة اراﺿﯽ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﺗﺼﺮف ﻋﺪواﻧﯽ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزان و ﺧﺮده ﻣﺎﻟﮑﺎن ﻣﺤﻠﯽ اﻗﺪام ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻃﺒﻘﮥ زﻣﯿﻦ دار ﺟﺪﯾﺪ در ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران، ﺑﻪ ﺑﯽ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮐﺸﺎورزان ﺑﻮﻣﯽ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿﺪ.

The growth of capitalism in Iran and the dependence on the world market in the nineteenth century led to various spheres of economic and social in country influenced by the developments of the West and the global system during this period. This dependency also changed the agricultural sector as well and led to the growth of commercial agriculture. In this research, It has been tried to use the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the theory of dependent development and the use of archival documents, to be answered to this question that What is the effect of growing commercial agriculture on land ownership system in Mazandaran? After reviewing and analyzing data and documents, this result was obtained that the growth of commercial agriculture has led to the importance of land and land management profitability and the cultivation of monetary products in nineteenth-century in Iran. This led to the tendency of the non-temperate classes of society, including traders, government officials and even foreigners to own land and agriculture. These people joined to the landowner class of the community to purchasing multiple lands and provided the ground for the expansion of private property and the master's Relationship. The growing need for arable land and the desire to expand personal property, Led to some action to lease land and even capture forcible of farmers' lands and minor owners of local that this issue, as the new landlord develops in Mazandaran, led to the landless many native farmers.