مطالعه تطبيقي رابطه تمكين با نفقه در فقه فريقين

A Comparative Study of the Relationship between Submission and Alimony in Shia and Sunni jurisprudents' Views

تمكين زوجه به معناي انجام وظايف زناشويي است. در مقابل، شوهر نيز وظايفي بر عهده دارد كه يكي از آنها پرداخت نفقه، مطابق عرف و قانون مي‌باشد. براي اثبات وجوب و حدود تمكين و وجوب نفقه مي توان از آيات و روايات زيادي استفاده كرد. مسأله اصلي اين نوشتار چگونگي ارتباط بين تمكين با نفقه و بيان مباني آن در فقه فريقين است. فقهاي اماميه درباره موجبات الزام به انفاق سه ديدگاه دارند. مشهور فقها، تمكين را همانند عوض يا شبه عوض در برابر نفقه قرار داده ­اند. گروهي معتقدند عقد، سبب وجوب انفاق است و فقط نشوز باعث سقوط نفقه خواهد شد. برخي نيز نفقه را در مقابل حق رياست شوهر بر خانواده مي­ دانند. در ميان فقهاي عامه دو نظر وجود دارد. مشهور معتقدند زن ناشزه استحقاق نفقه ندارد. در مقابل فقهاي فرقه ظاهريه و حكم بن عتيبه، زن ناشزه را مستحق نفقه مي­ دانند. اختلاف مباني ياد شده داراي آثار حقوقي متفاوتي است. مثلاً در صورت اختلاف در پرداخت نفقه با توجه به مبناي ياد شده مدعي و يا مدعي ­عليه متفاوت خواهد بود. بدين­ گونه چگونگي ارتباط بين تمكين با نفقه و مباني آن در فقه فريقين مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.

Women's sexual submission (Tamkin) refers to the consequences of living up to their marital obligations. The male spouse, on the other hand, has some duties to his wife which paying alimony is one of them according to custom and law. There are many verses and narratives that can be used to prove the necessity of paying alimony and considering the extent of sexual submission. Focusing on Shia and Sunni jurisprudents' views, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the alimony and sexual submission as well as clarify its principles in detail. There are three points of view from which the necessity to pay alimony can be considered among Imamiyah Jurists. Tamkin, or unhampered sexual access, has been regarded as a replacement or quasi-replacement for the monetary and alimony condition by famous Fiqh scholars. Some believe that marriage contract is to establish arrangements for paying alimony, unless those women who refuse to fulfil their marital duties, while others are in consensus that alimony is necessary due to the fact that the male spouse is assigned to preside over family life and the female spouse should conform to the authority and will of her male spouse. Hence, there are two points of view among Islamic jurists; famous fiqh scholars believe that female spouse is not entitled to receive alimony if she refuses to fulfil their marital duties. On the contrary, the proponents of Hakam Ibn Otaibah and Zahiri schools of thought believe that those female spouses who are disobedient and refuse to fulfil their marital duties can also receive alimony that they deserve to be paid off. The differences between these two types of comments will result in radically different legal effects. For example, if there is a disagreement on alimony, there will be a challange between plaintiff and defendant. Focusing on Shia and Sunni jurisprudents' views, an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between the alimony-based sexual submission and its principles in detail.