كليدواژه :
هرات , كمال الدين بهزاد , تيموريان , شرايط اقليمي , طبيعت گرايي , نگاره
چكيده فارسي :
ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎي ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻧﮕﺎران از ﻗﺮن 3ق. ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. در اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن و ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﻫﺮات ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽِ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان و ﻧﯿﺰ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان داراﻟﺴﻄﻨﻪ در ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﻮري از ﺳﻮي ﺷﺎﻫﺮخ و ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻧﺶ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮد. در ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﻢ ﺳﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮرﺧﺎن، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﮕﺎرﮔﺮي اﯾﺮان از ﻗﺮن 5ق. آﻏﺎز و در ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﻮري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اوج ﺧﻮد رﺳﯿﺪ، ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ (ﻧﺎﺗﻮراﻟﯿﺴﻢ)، اﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ زﯾﺎدي ﻓﺎرغ از واﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ (رﺋﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ) ﺑﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻧﺪﮐﯽ از ﻧﮕﺎرﮔﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ واﻗﻊ ﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ آﺛﺎري ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ، ﮐﻪ ﮐﻤﺎل اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﻬﺰاد را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرز آن داﻧﺴﺖ. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن آب و ﻫﻮا، ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻣﻤﺘﺎزي را ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮات اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯽ ﮐﺮد ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ آﺛﺎرِ ﺑﻬﺰاد ﺑﻮد؟ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮن ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر اﻧﺪك در راﺳﺘﺎي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﺰاره ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽِ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎتِ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه از ﻫﺮات ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﻮري، ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻧﮕﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺰاد را ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﮐﺸﻒ و ﺷﻬﻮد روﺣﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ِ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ داﻧﺴﺖ و وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻫﺮات را در اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻏﻠﻮآﻣﯿﺰ (رواﯾﺎت) و ﻧﻤﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ (ﻧﮕﺎره ﻫﺎ) ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮد.
چكيده لاتين :
Paying attention to the geography of the regions, is one of the desired courses by historians from the 3rd century on. In the meantime, Khorasan and especially Herat were considered due to having unique natural conditions in compared with other cities of Iran, as well as the choice of Dar al-Saltane by Shahrokh and his successors in the Timurid era. Simultaneously with historians, the topic that was began in the Iranian painting tradition since the 5th century AD, and peaked at the Timurid era, was the emphasis on elements of nature (naturalism), but largely beyond realism. In the meantime, only a few painters were able to create works with a realistic look, which Kamal al-Din Behzad was a prominent example. The study aims to answer the question by descriptive-analytical method that climatic conditions such as weather, vegetation and other factors that overall created a unique natural environment for Herat, how was effective on Behzad's works? Although few researches has been done so far in response to this question, the findings suggest that by examining the historical propositions of the expressed descriptions of Herat in the Timurid era, can not only refer to Behzad's portraits as a result of the spiritual discovery and intuition, and mystical concepts, and also cannot say the natural features of Herat in these two sources are merely Exaggerative (narratives) and Symbolistic (paints).
