بررسي نقش پناهگاهي قهستان در سده اول و دوم هجري با تكيه بر مكان گزيني مهاجرت زرتشتيان

The Refuge Role of Quhistan in the 1st and 2nd Century AD Relying on Locating Migration of Zoroastrians

ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﮐﻪ اﻣﺮوزه ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﺪه آن در ﻣﺤﺪوده ي اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﻃﯽ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ داراي ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ، ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺼﺒﻪ و ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ژﺋﻮﭘﻮﻟﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ از ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺮق اﯾﺮان ﻧﻤﻮده. در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺳﺨﻦ از ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت اﻋﺮاب در ﻗﺮون اول و دوم ﻫﺠﺮي، ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﺑﺰرگ زرﺗﺸﺘﯿﺎن در ﻗﺮون اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺎن آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن از آن ﻟﺤﺎظ داراي اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﻃﯽ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه و ﻣﺄﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﻗﻠﯿﺖ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﺎﯾﻪ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ و اﻧﺰواي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت ﺧﻮد اداﻣﻪ داده اﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن، اﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻫﯽ اﻣﻦ ﺑﺮاي اﻗﻠﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ داﻧﺴﺖ. ﭼﺮاﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﻗﺮون ﻣﺘﻤﺎدي ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ اﻗﻮام و ﭘﯿﺮوان ﻣﺴﺎﻟﮏ و ﻣﺬاﻫﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺑﻪ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆاﻻت ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داد ﮐﻪ اوﻻً ﻋﻠﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟ و ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه و ﻣﺄﻣﻦ ﺑﺮاي زرﺗﺸﺘﯿﺎن را ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺧﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ داد؟ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ روش، ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺟﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت زرﺗﺸﺘﯿﺎن و در ﭘﯽ آن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮑﺎن ﮔﺰﯾﻨﯽ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮان در راه ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻗﻬﺴﺘﺎن را در اﯾﻦ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ، روﺷﻦ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و ﺑﮑﺮ ﺑﻮدن و اﻧﺰواي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ را در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﮔﯽ درﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ.

Quhistan, a major part of it is located in the South Khorasan province now, is of special importance in the political and geographical history of the region. The historic Quhistan comprised several towns and large districts that distinguished this region geopolitically from other areas of the East of Iran. The great migrations to this region were noted in historical sources. Arab immigration in the first and second centuries AD, and great migration of Zoroastrians in the early Islamic centuries are the most significant of these immigrations in the early Islamic centuries.Apart from political migration of Arabs to this region for further dominance on Khorasan province, this region has always been a safe refuge for minorities throughout history, who continued their living in the light of security and geographical isolation of Quhistan. According to the studies carried out and by a review of the history of Quhistan, this region can be recognized as a safe refuge for political and religious minorities throughout history. Social tolerance within communities should not be neglected, because this region has always been a place for settlement of the followers of different religions and ethnicities. In this paper, part of the history Quhistan and the importance of this region in absorption of different immigrants are addressed.This study will answer these questions that: First, what is the reason for the selection of Quhistan as the migration destination? and Secondly, how can we generalize choosing Quhistan as a haven for Zoroastrians to other migrations to this territory? This research clarifies the significance of Quhistan in this historical selection through an overview of these migrations by an emphasis on locating and determining the path of the Zoroastrian immigrants on their journey to India using the existing resources. In addition to religious and historical tolerance of its people, finds originality and geographical isolation of this land in history as an important factor in choosing destination of religious immigrations in order to refuge.