مؤلفه هاي دفاع غيرعامل در دژ "قلعه كوه قائن"

Components passive defense in the castle "Qale koh-qaeen"

در طول تاريخ معماري و شهرسازي ايران، دفاع غيرعامل به عنوان بخشي جدايي ناپذير در روند شكل­ گيري و گسترش شهرها محسوب مي ­شده است. اين نوع دفاع در جهت به حداقل رساندن آسيب به نيروهاي خودي در مقابل هجوم دشمن لحاظ مي ­شده و معمولاً بدون دخالت نيروي انساني صورت مي­ پذيرفت. دفاع غيرعامل گونه­ اي از ايمن­ سازي و دفاع از خود است، كه محيط خود را بدون استفاده از سلاح و با استفاده از جغرافيا و ژئوفيزيك و ساخت اندام ­هاي دفاعي ايمن كرده­ است. در قهستان قدرت اسماعيليان از طريق استراتژي دفاعي كه قلاع به ايشان مي­ داد تامين مي گشت. قلاع در قهستان با استحكام زياد و با رعايت تمامي نكات مهم تدافعي ساخته شده است. اسماعيليان به دليل كمبود نيروي نظامي در تاريخ حياتشان سعي فروان در فراهم آوردن مؤلفه­ هاي دفاع غيرعامل در حفاظت و تامين امنيت خويش كرده ­اند. بر اساس نتايج بدست آمده از بررسي قلعه كوه قاين كه از مهمترين مكان­ هاي استراتژيك اسماعيليان در شرق ايران بوده است؛ استحكامات تقريبا با تسليحات آن زمان قابل دسترس نبوده ­اند، تنها از يك سوي كوه دسترسي به قلعه مهيا بود، نقاط حساس در قلعه به صورت دقيق در نواحي غيرقابل دسترس تعبيه گشته است، ارتفاع كوه و حصار اجازه دسترسي مهاجمان و كمانداران را بسيار دشوار ساخته، برج‌ هاي استراتژيك­ در نقاط حساس و با دسترسي آسان تعبيه مي‌ گشت، ارگ حكومتي و محل زندگي حكام در آخرين جبهه دفاعي مستقر گرديده، انبارها به صورت مجزا براي هر يك از حصارها تعريف گشته است. از توپوگرافي كوه در پنهان­ سازي نقاط مهم قلعه استفاده برده اند، قلعه در بهترين نقطه از دشت واقع گرديده تا ديد كافي به راه‌ هاي اصلي را به ساكنين مي‌ دهد، حصار و برج­ ها از پايه و ابتداي ساخت با استحكام بالا بنا گرديده است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع روش توصيفي- تحليل تاريخي است. همچنين در گردآوري اطلاعات، از منابع تاريخي دست اول و تحقيقات انديشمندان معاصر بهره گرفته شده و داده هاي پژوهش حاصل بازديد و مستندنگاري ميداني از دژ قلعه كوه قاين مي باشد

The Ismailian sector is known as a part of Shiism which later gained power as the Khalifs of Fatemi. In the midst of the 4th century of the lunar calendar, Hassan Sabbah who occupied Alamoot Castle as his foundation was the pioneer of the Ismailian movement in Iran. As he got stronger in the northern part of Iran, he selected Qohestan as his second base. Castles were rapidly taken up and escalated in Qohestan. They were so powerful there the Seljuks could never defeat that after their several attacks to put an end to the Ismailis but Ismailis did always win. The Ismailis' great power was based on their defense strategy that was fully dependent on the castles. The castles in Qohestan were steadily constructed observing all aspects of the important defensive points. This research is objectively considered as fundamental studies and is mainly known as historic, descriptive analysis. This research is based on utilizing written historic sources, and implemental studies and archeological documentary known as the ways of collecting information. The Ismailis did their best to provide themselves with the different indicators of the passive defense because of the shortage of the military troops to protect themselves. according to the consequences resulting from the castle of Qayen mount, which was one of the most significant strategic places of the Ismailis the barricades could never be defeated or even accessible considering the ammunition used at the time. The castle was available just to the one side of the mount. The Important points inside the castle were precisely designed and fabricated in the inaccessible areas. The high mount and walls prevented the invaders and archers from having access to the areas inside. The strategic towers were fabricated in the important parts of the castle that could be easily reached by the Ismailis. The ruling court and the homes of the commanders were deployed at the last defensive front. The warehouses were separately constructed for each surrounding. The significant parts of the castle were hidden based on the topography of the mount. The castle was located on the best part of the plain to have proper views to the main roads for the dwellers. The wall and towers were founded based on a high resistance and steadiness. The Ismailian sector is known as a part of Shiism which later gained power as the Khalifs of Fatemi. In the midst of the 4th century of the lunar calendar, Hassan Sabbah who occupied Alamoot Castle as his foundation was the pioneer of the Ismailian movement in Iran. As he got stronger in the northern part of Iran, he selected Qohestan as his second base. The Ismailis did their best to provide themselves with the different indicators of the passive defense because of the shortage of the military troops to protect themselves. according to the consequences resulting from the castle of Qayen mount, which was one of the most significant strategic places of the Ismailis the barricades could never be defeated or even accessible considering the ammunition used at the time. The castle was available just to the one side of the mount.