اخلاق ايجابي عرفاني به روايت ترزا آويلايي و جلال الدين مولوي

Mystical Affirmative Ethics from the Viewpoint of Teresa of Avila and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī

اﺧﻼق اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻞ و ﻣﻠﻜﺎت ﺟﺎري در ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺑﺸﺮي، و ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﻗﻮام و دوام ﺣﻴﺎت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ. از آن ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻋﺮﻓﺎن دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻄﻮن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و در ﺳﻴﺮ و ﺳﻠﻮك در ﻣﻘﺎم ﻋﻤﻞ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك آﻧﻬﺎ اﻛﺘﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﺎرﻓﺎن ﺑﻪ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ آن ﻋﻄﻒ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت از آن ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺧﻼﻗﻲ اﻧﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎم اﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﻋﺎرﻓﺎن ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻇﺎﻫﺮي و ﻋﺎم آﻧﻬﺎ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ژرﻓﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ. ﺗﺮزا آوﻳﻼﻳﻲ (1515-1582م) و ﺟﻼل اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻮي (604-672ق) ﻋﺎرﻓﺎﻧﻲ از دو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ و اﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در آﺛﺎرﺷﺎن ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﻪ اﺧﻼق اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻮن ﻓﺮوﺗﻨﻲ، اﺧﻼص، ﻋﻔﻮ و ... داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺳﻠﻮك ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ورزﻳﺪه اﻧﺪ. اﺧﻼق در آﺛﺎر ﻋﺎرﻓﺎن ﻳﺎد ﺷﺪه از ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ، ﭼﻨﺪان ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻮك ﻧﺎﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن، ﺗﺮزا آوﻳﻼﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ اﺧﻼﻗﻲ- ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮوﺗﻨﻲ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻋﺮﻓﺎن وي را ﻋﺮﻓﺎن ﻓﺮوﺗﻨﻲ داﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﺳﻠﻮك ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ رﺳﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻮي ﻫﻢ ﻛﻢ و ﺑﻴﺶ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺗﺮزاﺳﺖ و ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﺳﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮوﺗﻨﻲ را ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺷﻴﻄﺎن در وﺟﻮد او، و ﻋﺎﻣﻞ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎم اﻣﻴﺮي اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎت و دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺻﺎل اﻻﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ داﻧﺪ.

Affirmative ethic– the collection of virtues and merits in all human societies– secures the permanence and consistency of human life. In mystical approach which aims at experiencing the final core of knowledge, the affirmative ethic is defined differently. In general, there is no dichotomy between the affirmative ethic and other ethical issues, but mystics pay more attention to its esoteric dimension than the exoteric one. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582 C.E.) and Jalāl al-dīn Rūmī (1208-1274 C.E.) are mystics of two Islamic and Christian traditions who have taken much notice of affirmative ethic– concepts such as modesty, sincerity, forgiveness and etc– in their works and have emphasized to its importance in the course of mystical journey. For Teresa of Avila modesty is of the utmost importance, so much that one could call her mysticism the mysticism of modesty. For Rūmī it is almost the same. From his viewpoint modesty impedes the penetration of evil into the seeker’s mind, brings man to the position of kingship among the other creatures and grants him the divine union.