خداشناسي اوپنيشادي

The Upanišadic Theology

تمايلات ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ ﺳﺮوده ﻫﺎﯾﯽ وداﯾﯽ، در اوﭘﻨﯿﺸﺎدﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﻣﺒـﺴﻮط ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺤـﺚ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﺳﺮودﻫﺎي ﺳﺘﺎﯾﺶ آﻣﯿﺰ وداﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﻧﺸﺎن ﺧﺪاﯾﺎن و اﻟﻬﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، در اوﭘﻨﯿﺸﺎدﻫﺎ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ در اﺷﯿﺎء، و ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ اﺻﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و ﺑﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﭘﻨﻬـﺎن در وﻗـﺎﯾﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﯿّـﺮ و ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾـﺪار ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮوده ﻫﺎي وداﯾﯽ از اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪۀ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺘﻌﺎل ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ، اوﭘﻨﯿﺸﺎدﻫﺎ از ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ واﺣﺪي ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ آوردﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻨﻬﺎن و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﺮ از ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮات و دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﻫﺎي دﻧﯿﺎ اﺳﺖ. ﺧﺪاﯾﺎن وداﯾﯽ ﭘﯿﺎم آورانِ ﻧﻮر و ﻓﺮوغ ﯾﮕﺎﻧﻪ اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت آﻓـﺮﯾﻨﺶ ﮐﻠّﯽ و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﺳﺮوده ﻫﺎي وداﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ اوﭘﻨﯿﺸﺎدﻫﺎ روي ﻣـﯽ آورﯾـﻢ، ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ و دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ روﺑﺮو ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل از ﻋﯿﻨﯿّﺖ ﺑﻪ ذﻫﻨﯿّﺖ (از عيني به ذهني) ﯾﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل از ﺳﺮﮔﺮداﻧﯽ اﺿﻄﺮاب آور دﻧﯿﺎي ﺧﺎرج ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﮑّﺮ و ﺗﺄﻣّﻞ در ﻣﻌﻨﺎ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮمِ ذات و ﻧﻔﺲ اﺳﺖ. اوﭘﻨﯿﺸﺎدﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح و ﺑﯿﺎن ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺻﻌﻮد ﺑﺎﻃﻨﯽ ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ، ﺳﻔﺮي ﺑﺎﻃﻨﯽ و دروﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ آن، ارواح ﻓﺮدي (ﻧﻔﻮس ﻓﺮدي) ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻏﺎﯾﯽ دﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﻨـﺪ، ﯾﻌﻨـﯽ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘـﯽ ﮐـﻪ در درونِ ﺧﻮد ﻣﺎﺳﺖ، ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ ﮐﺎﻣﻼٌ ﻣﻨﺰّه و ﺑﻪ دور از ﺟﻬـﺎن ﭘﺪﯾـﺪاري و ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﻫﻤﮥ ﻫﺴﺘﯽ و از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، ﻋﯿﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﯽ و ﻋﯿﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪۀ آن اﺳﺖ.

Philosophical inclinations of Vedic hymns are considered in Upanišads in detailed. Instead of Vedic commendatory hymns addressing Gods and Goddesses, searching the hidden Truth and finding a fixed and unchangeable principle within transitory and unstable phenomena is viewable in Upanišads. While Vedic hymns speak of various and scattered divisions of the supreme being, Upanišads suppose one concealed Reality more transcendent than all the transitions and changes of the mundane world. The Vedic Gods are messengers of the one light which is appeared as the universal creation. By referring to Upanišads, we encounter with an interesting transformation: transition from objective to subjective, from anxious wandering of the external world to a quiet meditation in depth and meaning of the essence and self. The Upanišads notice to the rout of the esoteric ascension extensively, an interior travel by that, the individual selves would be able to acquire the Ultimate Reality, the same reality which is within us. It is a supreme and Absolute Truth which is completely different and far from the phenomenal world and the whole cosmos; and on the other hand, is indeed identical with all the phenomena and universe