مكشا از ديدگاه مكتب بهكتي ويشنويي (از رامانوجه تا نانك)

Mokśa from the Viewpoint of Vaiśnava Bhaktī School (from Rāmānuja to Nānak)

اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺠﺎت و ﺳﻌﺎدت اﺑﺪي ﺑـﻮده اﻧـﺪ و از آن ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﯿﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﯾﺎد ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ. ﻫﻨﺪوان ﻧﯿﺰ در ﭘﯽ اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﻪ آﻣـﻮزۀ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﺦ و ﮐﺮﻣـﻪ، اﯾـﻦ ﻫـﺪف را ﻣﺘﺮادف ﺑﺎ ﻣﮑﺸﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺠﺎت از ﭼﺮﺧﮥ ﺳﻤﺴﺎره و ﮐﺮﻣﻪ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ روح در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺗّﺤﺎد ﻏﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻦ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ و ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﻌﺎدت و زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺟﺎوﯾﺪ را ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻪ ﮐﻨـﺪ. در اﯾـﻦ ﻣﯿـﺎن، اﻧﺪﯾـﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺑﻬﮑﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺑﻬﮕﻮدﮔﯿﺘﺎ (ﯾﮑﯽ از ﮐﺘﺐ ﻣﻘﺪس ﻫﻨﺪو)، ﺗﻔﺎﺳﯿﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ را از راه هـﺎي رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺸﺎ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺮّﻓﯽ ﻣﮑﺸﺎ و اﻧﻮاع ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن آن، ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮي از دﯾـﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻈﺮات شخصيت هاي ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺑﻬﮑﺘﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن راﻣﺎﻧﻮﺟﻪ، ﻧﯿﻤﺒﺎرﮐﻪ، ﻣﺪﻫﻮه، وﻟﺒﻬﻪ، ﮐﺒﯿﺮ و ﻧﺎﻧﮏ را اراﺋﻪ دﻫﺪ.

Eternal deliverance and salvation has been searched and undergone various expressions by human beings during the different ages of history. In Hinduism, according to doctrine of rebirth and karma, this goal is identical with mokša or liberation from cycle of samsāra and karma; by which spirit can reach ultimate unity with Brahman and experience the eternal life and deliverance. Bhakti thinkers have expressed different interpretations of acquiring mokśa and quality of this station by relying on teachings of the Bhagavadgitā- one of the sacred Hindu books. We intend to introduce mokśa, its various kinds, and opinions of somedominant thinkers of Bhaktī School such as Rāmānuja, Nimbārka, Madhva, Vallabha, Kabīr and Nānak.