ظهور اطلاقي آيات و روايات كليات مبيّن شريعت، با تطبيق بر آيه نهي از مؤاكله باطل

Conventionally Preferred Meaning of the Verses and Hadiths Clarifying the Religious Law with an Eye to the Verse which Forbids Appointing the Other to Do Wrong

بحث از انعقاد و عدم انعقاد ظهور اطلاقي نوع آيات‌الأحكام و برخي روايات كه مبيّن كلياتي از احكام است، از مسائل لازم اصول فقه مي‌باشد. منكران ظهور اطلاقي يكسان نمي‌انديشند. برخي منكران بر‌آنند كه بعضي آيات فقط اشاره به تفصيلاتي است كه بعداً داده مي‌شود و هيچ اطلاقي مد نظر آن نيست و برخي ديگر از آيات، اشاره به آن چيزي است كه پيش‌تر در خطاب يا خطابات ديگر بيان گرديده است، بي‌آنكه اطلاقي در اين باره داشته باشد. مثبتان اطلاق، آن را مسلّم انگاشته‌اند و بعضي اين اطلاق را برآيند قرينه خارجي ـ تمسك به رويّه معصومان عليهم السلام ـ و برخي ديگر به قرينه حاليه و مقاميه ثابت مي‌دانند و از اطلاق مورد ادعا در جاي جاي فتاواي خود بهره برده‌اند. با نقد و تحليل درمي‌يابيم كه مسئله اطلاق يا عدم اطلاق در آيات قرآني و برخي از روايات، مسئله‌اي عرفي و عقلايي است، نه عقلي. براي داوري درباره اطلاق يا عدم اطلاق آيات قرآن و روايات مشابه، بايد وضعيت قانون‌گذار اسلام را با همه خصوصياتش در تشريع و بيان شريعت، بر عرف عرضه كنيم و از او داروي بخواهيم؛ مقاله پيش رو اين بحث را دنبال كرده است.

That the conventionally preferred meaning of “the verses of rules” and some verses which introduce some general rules can be used or not is one of the issues which should be discussed in Principles of Jurisprudence. Those who say that they cannot be used are not of the same opinion. Some of them think that some verses are only mentions made to some details which shall be introduced later and there is no use meant; and, some other verses are mentions made to something which have been explained earlier in other statements without any use in this regard. Those who accept making uses of the meaning are of the opinion that it is certain and proved. Some of them think that it would be proved by referring to the Infallible’s sirah and some others are of the opinion that it would be proved by referring to the words or to the situation and they make uses of such meanings in their Fatwas. An analysis shows that possibility or impossibility of making uses in the Quranic verses and some hadiths is a conventional, and not rational, issue. To decide that whether the Quranic verses and hadiths may be applied or not, the conditions of the Islamic legislator with all its properties in legislation and explication of the religious law should be weighed against convention and the legislator should be invited to judge. The present article discusses this point.