كليدواژه :
سرماج , دكان , ابي ايوب , ساسانيان , حسنويه ها
چكيده فارسي :
در زير بافت كهنه‌ي روستاي سرماج حسين‌خاني، بقايايي از مجموعه بناهاي سنگي قرار دارد كه متأسفانه به‌علت ساخت‌وسازهاي بي‌رويه دهه‌هاي اخير، كاملاً مدفون‌شده و تنها در بعضي جاها بخش‌هايي از ديوارهاي آن قابل‌مشاهده است. بررسي عكس‌هاي هوايي، مطالعات زمين‌ريختي محيط و بررسي بخش‌هاي باقي‌مانده بنا نشان مي‌دهد بناي تاريخي سرماج داراي پلان تقريباً مربعي به درازي 295/50 متر و پهناي 288 متر است كه بر فراز يك تپه‌ي طبيعي برپاشده كه پيرامون آن‌را خندقي احاطه كرده است. بلندي اين تپه نسبت به زمين‌هاي اطراف در حدود 22 متر است. نوشته‌ي حاضر، در پي پاسخ به اين پرسش‌ها است: مجموعه‌ي سرماج توسط چه حاكماني ساخته شده و روند شكل‌گيري بناهاي آن چگونه بوده است؟ علل و انگيزه ساخت مجموعه و كاربري احتمالي آن چه بوده است؟ مجموعه‌ي سرماج در بافت سياسي دوره‌ي ساساني و سده‌هاي نخستين اسلامي داراي چه جايگاهي بوده است؟ در اين مقاله سعي شده است با استفاده از روش‌هاي تحقيق تاريخي و توصيفي-تحليلي ابتدا به توصيف فني ساختار معماري مجموعه بناهاي سرماج پرداخته شود؛ سپس بر پايه‌ي متون تاريخي معتبر، سنجش‌هاي معماري و مدارك كتيبه‌اي علل و انگيزه‌ي برپايي بناها، زمان ساخت و كاربري احتمالي آن‌ها مورد بحث و تحليل قرار گرفته است. نتابيج حاصل از اين پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد بناي سرماج در اواخر دوره‌ي ساساني و در زمان حكومت خسرو دوم (628-590 م.) ساخته‌شده و احتمالاً بقاياي همان صفه‌اي است كه جغرافي‌نويسان عرب از آن به‌عنوان «دكان» يادكرده‌اند. در «دكان پادشاهان جهان» ازجمله «فغفور» پادشاه چين، «خاقان» پادشاه تُرك، «داهر» پادشاه هند و «قيصر» پادشاه روم در پيشگاه خسروپرويز گرد هم مي‌آمدند. هم‌چنين شواهد تاريخي و سنگ‌نوشته‌هاي كوفي مشجر به‌دست‌آمده از اين محوطه نشان مي‌دهد كه حسنويه‌ها در روستاي كنوني سرماج، دژ مستحكم و استواري ساخته كه براي حدود يك سده مركز حكومت خاندان حسنويه از كُردهاي برزيكاني بوده است. اين خاندان نقش مهمي در تحولات سياسي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي ايران در اواخر سده‌ي چهارم و اوايل سده‌ي پنجم هجري قمري ايفا كرده‌اند.
چكيده لاتين :
There are some remains of a stone-masonry building lying buried beneath the modern village of Sarmāj-e Hosseinkhāni, located in the southern vicinity of Bisotun, in Kermanshah Province of Iran. Aerial photographic investigations, topographic survey, and the detailed examination of the remaining parts of the building indicate that the building is almost square in plan, with dimensions of about 288 m × 295.50 m. It is fortified with four square bastions at the corners. This monument sits on the summit of a natural hill that stands almost 20 m higher than the surrounding terrain. The monument was once surrounded by a rather deep and very wide moat, which filled with water supplied by a nearby stream running along the northern side of the monument. The construction technique of the walls is in a manner that the smooth-sided ashlars were set one beside another on the exterior of the walls. These stones were used in their unchanged, ‘natural’ shape which was that of a large coarsely undressed, large-sized ashlar. Almost all of these stones were laid in vertical position with chips between the joints. The core of the walls was filled with smaller rubble stones embedded in generous quantities of gypsum mortar. Here, a row would initially be laid down, and the top of the wall would then be finished with a rough layer of mortar, in order to make it smooth and level. After this had dried sufficiently, it became the base for the construction of the second course. This second course would be set on top of the first course in the same manner as the previous, and so on, continuing until the final row. As Luschey and Trümpelmann have documented, there existed, until fairly recently, remains of a wall on the summit of the mound. The wall was part of a much larger architectural complex which is now buried beneath the modern village. The remaining wall consisted of four courses built with cut-stone block masonry. The stones were of different sizes and dressed with utmost precision. Historical and archaeological evidence indicates that the Sarmāj monument was constructed in the late Sasanian period, most likely at the reign of Khosrow II (590-628 C.E), and could be identified with “Dukkān”, where the Sasanian King of Kings, Khosow II Parviz, hosted the world’s kings including the king of China, the Roman emperor, the Türk Khāghān and Dāhir (identified with a king of India). Primary textual sources explicitly suggest that the site of Sarāmj was also a stronghold built by the Kurdish ruler Ḥasanwayh (Ḥasanūya) Barzekānī (d. 369/980). Sarmāj was the center of the Ḥasanuyid principality that has played important political, social, and cultural roles in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. Muslim geographers and historians report the legendary fabulous wealth and treasures of Ḥasanwayh dynasty held in the stronghold of Sarāmj. This material wealth was one of the motivations that provoked Buyid rulers to lunch military campaigns against Sarāmj. Upon the death of Badr ibn Taher (439 AH), the last ruler of Ḥasanwayh dynasty, the castle of Sarāmj was conquered by Ibrahim Yanal, the brother of Ṭoḡrel Beg Saljok, the first sultan of Saljuq. The Numerous monumental inscriptions in engraved Kufic found in the site, one of which bears the date 370 or 390 AH. The Quranic verses on the inscriptions indicate that they may have once embellished a religious building, i.e., a mosque or most likely a mausoleum. If the latter identification proves valid, it is reasonable to assume that the inscriptions under discussion belong to the mausoleum of Ḥasanwayh, the Kurdish ruler who died in Sarmāj in 369 AH. It is likely that the mausoleum was built at the order of Badr, the son of Ḥasanwayh, in 370 AHS
