مقايسة تكاليف و حقوق همسران در تلمود و من لايحضره الفقيه

The Comparison of Tasks and Rights of Husbands and Wives in Talmud and Man la yahḍuruhu al-Faqih

در ﯾﻬﻮد و اﺳﻼم، ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك و ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪﺷﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰوم رﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺖ، ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ دو دﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎرﺷﺎن ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ادﯾﺎن ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ ﻣﺪار ﺷﻬﺮت ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ؛ ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ در رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن اﻓﺮاد و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ راﺑﻄﮥ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺧﺪا ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد و ﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎن ﻣﮑﻠّﻒ ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮاي آن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﯾﮑﯽ از اﯾﻦ رواﺑﻂ، راﺑﻄﮥ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﻤﺴﺮان اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺟﺎري ﻣﯿﺎن آن دو، ﺑﺮاي ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده اي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﮥ آن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اي ﭘﺎك، اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﯾﻬﻮد و اﺳﻼم ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺎري در اﻣﻮر ﺧﺎﻧﻪ و ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده را ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻣﯿﺎن اﯾﻦ دو ﻋﻀﻮ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﻧﻈﻢ و اﻋﺘﺪال در آن ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻒ و ﺣﻘﻮق ﻫﻤﺴﺮان در ﯾﻬﻮدﯾﺖ و اﺳﻼم، ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺖ ﺗﻠﻤﻮد و ﻣﻦ ﻻﯾﺤﻀﺮه اﻟﻔﻘﯿﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دو ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ در اﯾﻦ دو دﯾﻦ، ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد.

Having the same source and emphasizing the necessity to comply with the religious law, many similarities are found in the two religions, Judaism and Islam. Due to their emphasis on the law, these two religions are mentioned as task-oriented religions; the obligatory tasks which define the relation between men and God and also the relations of people with each other. The mutual relation between husbands and wives is one of these relations and the religious law was introduced to protect this relation and as a result to establish a peaceful family. According to these religions both husband and wife, are responsible for their family and each of them has her/his own tasks, this division of labour maintains a balance in the family. In this respect, there are many similarities between Judaism and Islam. Emphasizing on Talmud (Instruction, Learning) and Man la yahḍuruhu al-Faqih (For Him not in the Presence of a Jurisprudent), this paper deals with the issue of tasks and rights of husbands and wives in Judaism and Islam.