بررسي و نقد كتاب «نظريه‌ هاي اقتصادي توسعه؛ تحليلي از پارادايم‌ هاي رقيب»

Book Review; Economic Theories of Development: an analysis of competing paradigms

اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺶ ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻓﮑﺮي اﺻـﻠﯽ در اﻗﺘﺼـﺎد ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﭘـﺎراداﯾﻢ ﮐﻮﻫﻦ ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. از زﻣﺎن اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮐﺘﺎب ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﻧﻘﻼب ﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ نوﺷـﺘﻪ ﺗـﺎﻣﺲ ﮐـﻮﻫﻦ در دﻫﻪ 1960، ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻋﻠﻮم ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه اﻗﺘﺼـﺎد، ﺗـﻼش ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ آن را در ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ. ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎﻧﺖ، اﺛﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺳﻌﯽ ﮐﺮده ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﭘﺎراداﯾﻤﯽ را در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﺎر ﺑﺒـﺮد. ﻣﺪرﻧﯿﺰاﺳـﯿﻮن، ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﯽ، ﻧﺌﻮﻣﺎرﮐﺴﯿﺴــﻢ، ﻣﺎﺋﻮﺋﯿﺴــﻢ، ﻧﯿﺎزﻫــﺎي اﺳﺎﺳــﯽ و ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳــﯿﮏ، ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮان ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ ﻫﺎي رﻗﯿﺐ در اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه، ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ واﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ را ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ وﻟﯽ آن را ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ ﻧﻤﯽ داﻧﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﮐﺘﺎب از ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ، ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻘﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻘـﺪ دﯾﮕـﺮ ﺑـﻪ اﯾـﻦ ﮐﺘـﺎب، ﻗﯿـﺎس ﻧﺎﭘـﺬﯾﺮي ﭘـﺎراداﯾﻢ ﻫـﺎ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ روﯾﮑﺮدﮐﺘﺎب را ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻪ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اﻧﻘـﻼب ﻋﻠﻤـﯽ ﮐـﻮﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻧﮕﺮﯾﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﯿﻨـﺰي را ﻣﺼـﺪاق ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮ ﭘـﺎراداﯾﻢ در ﻋﻠﻢ اﻗﺘﺼـﺎد ﻣﯽ داﻧﻨﺪ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدداﻧﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻮل از ﻣﺪرﻧﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ واﺑﺴـﺘﮕﯽ را ﻣﺼﺪاق ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﯽ داﻧﻨﺪ. ﺳـﺮاﻧﺠﺎم در اﯾـﻦ ﮐﺘـﺎب، روﯾﮑـﺮد ﻧﻬـﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﻣﻐﻔﻮل ﻣﺎﻧﺪه و ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ.

The text explains six main intellectual frameworks in the development Economics based on Cohen's paradigm. Since the publication of Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962, researchers in the natural sciences and then social sciences, particularly economic researchers tried to apply paradigmatic analysis in a variety of disiplines including development. Hunt’s book is a good example of such works. Modernization, structuralism, Neo-Marxism, Maoism, basic needs and Neoclassical Economics as competing paradigms have been discussed in this work. The author explains dependency theory, but does not recognize it as a paradigm. In this paper, the author’s definition of Paradigm, has been criticized. Another critique to the text is Incommensurability of paradigms that constitute the book's approach. Economic Methodologists, which are viewed economics from the perspective of Cohen’s scientific revolution, they recognized Keynesian economics as true paradigm shift in economics and development economists recognized the shift from modernization to dependency theory as a true paradigm shift in development. Finally, institutionalist approach to economic development, neglected and has not been discussed in the text.